Chemistry is a science. Like other natural sciences, there is a singing bіk of nature and natural phenomena. At the forefront of other natural sciences, chemistry adds a lot of respect to speech. Speech є, for example, water, metal, strength, singing white.

A lot of objects that will make us feel lost are made up not from one, but from a lot of speeches. For example, a living organism is composed of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other speeches. Look at the same speeches, they can be a sum of different speeches (for example, different speeches).

The science of chemistry, by stretching history, allowed not only to increase the life and power of speeches, but also to take away new speeches, such as nature did not have before. Tse, for example, various plastics, organic speech.

Chemistry, like mathematics, has its own formal language. The interplay of speeches here is taken to be expressed through the singing of chemical reactions, and the speeches themselves are written down as formulas.

Chemistry allows you to explain a lot of changes in nature. Goofy food, on the yak speaks of chemistry, - why do some speeches turn into other ones?

Chemistry as science

Chemistry- a science that develops the speeches and their transformations that are accompanied by a snake warehouse that (or) life. There are three main tasks before modern chemistry:

• firstly, the main direct development of chemistry and the investigation of the life of speech, the development of the theory of the future power of molecules and materials. It is important to establish a link between the everyday and variously manipulative powers of speeches and on the basis of the theory of reactionary building of speech, kinetics and the mechanism of chemical reactions and catalytic phenomena. The modern chemical transformations of those who are directly distinguished by the warehouse of everyday molecules, ions, radicals, and other short-lived compounds. Knowing this allows you to find ways to take away new products, which may seem like a little more powerful than others.
• in a different way - the creation of a direct synthesis of new speeches from given authorities. Here it is also important to know new reactions and catalysts for a more efficient synthesis of the synthesis already in the know and may be important in the field.
• thirdly - analysis. This traditional task of chemistry has acquired a special significance. It is due to the increase in the number of chemical objects and the doslidzhuvanih powers, so it is necessary to signify that change in the legacy of people to nature.

The chemical dominance of speeches is designated as the head rank by the camp of the outermost electronic shells of atoms and molecules that make up speeches; become nuclei and internal electrons in chemical processes may not change. The object of chemical research is the chemical elements and combinations, tobto. atoms, simple (single-element) and collapsible (molecules, ions, ion-radicals, carbaeus, free radicals) chemistries, their associations (associates, clusters, solvates, clathrates, then), materials and in.

Today's chemistry has reached such a level of development that there is a low level of special developments, like independent sciences. Fallow, in view of the atomic nature of speech, which are being developed, types of chemical bonds between atoms distinguish between inorganic, organic and elemental organochemistry. The object of inorganic chemistry is all chemical elements and yogo from the floor, other speech from the їхної basis. Organic chemistry instills the power of the great class of spoluk, potishenyh for additional chemical bonds with coal and coal and other organogenic elements: water, nitrogen, sour, sulfur, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Elementoorganic chemistry is classified as inorganic and organic chemistry. Tsya "third" chemistry can be seen up to the point, which includes chemical bonds with coal with other elements of the periodic system, but not organogens. Molecular structure, steps of aggregation (aggregation) of atoms in the storehouse of molecules and great molecules - macromolecules bring their own characteristics to the chemical form of matter. That is why high-molecular chemistry, crystal chemistry, geochemistry, biochemistry and other sciences. The stench vibrates great associations of atoms and gigantic polymeric creations of various nature. Use the central food for chemistry as food for chemical power. The subject of the event is also the physical, physical-chemical and biochemical power of speeches. That is why the methods of modern science are intensively developed, and the speeches of other sciences are being developed. So important storage parts of chemistry and physical chemistry and chemical physics, which continue chemical objects, processes and accompanying these phenomena for the auxiliary rozrachunk apparatus of physics and physical experimental methods. Today science combines the low value of others: quantum chemistry, chemical thermodynamics (thermochemistry), chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, photochemistry, high energy chemistry, computer chemistry and others. Only a few words of the fundamental sciences of chemistry directly speak about the vinyatkovu raznomanіtnіst show khіmіchno її influx її on our everyday life. Іsnuє impersonal directly to the development of applied chemistry, called upon to develop specific tasks of practical activity. Chemical science has reached such a level of development that it has begun to generate new varieties of that technology.

Chemistry as a system of knowledge

Chemistry as a system of knowledge about speech and their transformation is stored in the stock of facts - superbly installed and distorted information about the chemical elements of the half, their reactions and behavior in natural and piece, mediums. Criteria for the validity of facts and methods for their systematization are constantly being developed. Great zagalnennya, nadіno pov'yazuyut great summation of facts, become scientific laws, formulating some of the new steps of chemistry (for example, the laws of conservation and energy, Dalton's laws, the periodic law of Mendeliev). Theories, vicorist-specific understanding, explain and predict the facts of more private subject matter. As a matter of fact, additional knowledge becomes a fact only once, if we take away the theoretical clouding. So, the first chemical theory - the theory of phlogiston, being incorrect, adopted the formation of chemistry, because. poddnuvala facts from the system and allowed to formulate new nutrition. Structural theory (Butlerov, Kekule) sorted out and explained the great material of organic chemistry and zoomed in on the development of chemical synthesis and the follow-up of the structure of organic compounds.

Chemistry is like knowledge - the system is already dynamic. Evolutionary accumulated knowledge is interrupted by revolutions - a deep perebudovoy system of facts, theories and methods, with the help of a new set of understanding and inspiring a new style of thinking. So, the revolution was invoked by the Lavoisians (materialistic theory of oxidation, reconciliation of quantities, methods of experiment, development of chemical nomenclature), implementation of the periodic law of Mendeliev, creation on the cob of the 20th century of new analytical methods (microanalysis, microanalysis). The revolution can also be brought into play by the emergence of new areas that vibrate a new branch of the subject of chemistry and infuse into other areas (for example, the introduction of physical chemistry on the basis of chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics).

Chemistry as a basic discipline

Chemistry is a fundamentally theoretical discipline. Vaughn was asked to give students a modern scientific statement about speech as one of the sights of ruomy matter, about paths, mechanisms and ways of transforming some speeches into other ones. Banner of the basics of the XIMICHIC, Volodіnnya Techniki of the XIMICHY ROZRAHUNKIV, Rosuminnya, pushing the XIMIYA for the pre -new Fakhivtsiv, prazuyut in the sisrects of the university of the unhealthy result Chemistry to know the future specialist with specific manifestations of speech, giving the opportunity, for the help of a laboratory experiment, to “recognize” speech, to know new things about power. The specialties of chemistry as a discipline for students of non-chemical specialties are those who, in a small general course, need to learn practically from all the fields of chemistry, who have taken shape as independent sciences and are taught by chemists and chemist-technologists. In addition, the diversity of interests of representatives of various specialties is often brought before the creation of specialized courses in chemistry. With all the positive aspects of such an orientation, there is a real and serious її nedolіk - the thought of a specialist sounds, the freedom of this orientation changes in the authorities of speech, and the methods and її otrimannya that zastosuvannya. Therefore, the course of chemistry for future specialists is not in the field of chemistry and chemical technology can be given a wide range, in the necessary world, ground, in order to give a clear statement about the possibility of chemistry as a science, as a scientific progress, as a scientific progress. Theoretical foundations for understanding the diverse and foldable picture of chemical phenomena are laying the groundwork for chemistry. Chemistry of elements to be introduced at a specific world of speeches, made with chemical elements. A modern engineer, who does not have special chemical training, needs to be sorted out by the authorities in various types of materials, warehouses and warehouses. Quite often, in the other world, you can get your mother on the right with fires, oils, butters, odorous materials, binders, ceramics, structural, electrical materials, fibers, fabrics, biological objects, mineral fertilizers and riches. Other courses are not always able to give the first notice of the issue. It is necessary to fill up this clearing. Tsey razdіl vіdnositsya to a part of chemistry, scho dynamically zmіnyuєє, і, zvichayno, dosit quickly zastarіvaє. Therefore, this timely kind of material here is very necessary for the regular updating of the discipline. The whole thing is up to the degree of promotion in the course of chemistry for students in non-chemical specialties of the applied chemistry department.

Chemistry as a social system

Chemistry, as a social system, is the largest part of the entire scientific community. The peculiarities of the object of yoga science and the method of activity (chemical experiment) were added to the molding of the chemist as a type of vchenoy. The problems of mathematical formalization of the object (against physics) and those at once different sensible manifestations (smell, color, biological and other activity) were intermingled on the cob by the panuvannya of the mechanics of the mystical chemistry and abandoned the artistry. In addition, the chemist has started zastosovuvav іnstrument of non-mechanical nature - fire. On the other side, on the vіdmіnu vіd stіykіh, given by nature objects of the biologist, the world of the chemist may not be vicherpne and shvidko increasingly rіznomanittya. The inexhaustible taєmnichistnost of the new speech gave light to the chemist's vidpovіdalnіstіnі prudence (as the social type of the chemist is conservative). The chemical laboratory worked hard on the mechanism of “natural choice”, the trade of self-sufficient and graceful people. Tse nadaє svoєridnіst like the style of thought, and the spiritual and moral organization of the chemist.

The fullness of chemists is made up of people who are professionally engaged in chemistry and bring themselves to the bottom of the galley. Approximately half of them practice, however, in other areas, without any knowledge of chemistry. In addition, before them, impersonal sciences and technologists are used - the great world of chemists, although you can’t even reach chemists (mastering the skill and learning chemistry by studying other areas is made more difficult due to the designation of another particularity of the subject).

How and if it is better to organize scientific cooperation, chemists develop their professional language, the system of personnel development, the system of communications [magazines, congresses, too], their history, their cultural norms and style of behavior.

Chemistry is like a trick of industry

The current day of human life is simply impossible without products and methods of chemistry. The stench of the virishal world signifies the current person of the world who needs us. The products of chemistry are needed so richly that in the most developed countries there are chemical industries. The chemical galuz is one of the most important galuzes of industry and our country. She developed chemical fields, different compositions and materials everywhere: in machine-building, metallurgy, the strong state, everyday life, electrical and electronic industries, communications, transport, space technology, medicine. Only about a thousand different chemical fields are used for the preparation of food products, and for practical needs, over a million speeches are produced. Vіd khіmії plentiful in what to deposit economical dobrobut and defense of the country. To that, there are no skeletons of the rosnits of the permissive, the same, the new spoluki, the most of the power of power, is the science of the vibration pace, the gums of the product, the gummers of the product, Our country has:

• inorganic synthesis of basic chemistry, which release acids, meadows, salts and other substances, dobriva;
• naphthochemical varieties: otrimanna paliva, oils, retailers, monomers in organic chemistry (in carbohydrates, alcohols, aldehydes, acids), various polymers and materials on their basis, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, additives for the protection of food, feed additives chemistry;
• The chemistry is small, if the volume of products is small, but the assortment is even wider. До такої продукції відносяться допоміжні речовини для виробництва полімерних матеріалів (каталізатори, стабілізатори, пластифікатори, антипірени), барвники, лікарські препарати, дезінфікуючі засоби та інші препарати санітарії та гігієни, засоби хімізації сільського господарства – гербіциди, інсектициди, фунгіциди та ін.

Headlines for the development of the modern chemical industry: the development of new materials and the improvement of the efficiency of the essential chemistry. For whom it is important to know new reactions and catalysts, to understand the mechanisms of processes that take place. The purpose is to determine the chemical performance of the engineering work to improve the efficiency of the manufacturing process. Типовою рисою хімічної промисловості є порівняно невелика кількість працюючих та високі вимоги до їх кваліфікації, причому відносна кількість фахівців-хіміків невелика, а більше представників інших спеціальностей (механіків, теплоенергетиків, спеціалістів з автоматизації виробництва та ін.). Characteristics of the great increase in the energy of water supply, high ecological vimogi to the fermentation. Non-chemical galuzahs have a lot of technological operations related to preparation and purification of syrovin and materials, gluing, gluing and other chemical processes.

Chemistry is the basis of scientific and technical progress

Floors, warehouses and materials, creation of chemicals play the most important role in increasing the productivity of work, reducing energy costs for the production of necessary products, mastering new technologies and equipment. Applying a successful injection of chemistry to the methods of machine-building technology, the adoption of the operation of machines and devices, the development of electronic industry, space technology, jet aircraft and other direct scientific and technical progress without a face:

• The selection of chemical and electrochemical methods for the processing of metals drastically reduces the amount of inputs that are inevitable in the processing of metals in cuttings. When znіmayutsya zamezhennja for mіtsnіstyu and hardness of metals and alloys, the shape of the part, high purity of the surface and the accuracy of rozmіrіv parts are achieved.
• such materials as synthetic graphite (which for high temperatures is more metal, lower metal), corundum (based on aluminum oxide) and quartz (based on silicon dioxide) ceramics, synthetic polymer materials, slabs can show unique power.
• crystallized crystals (sitali) are removed from the melting of the crystals, in order to weld the vinification of the center of crystallization and the distant growth of crystals. This steel is like "rockers" nine times as cold as rolled, harder than high-carbon steel, lighter than aluminum and close to quartz for heat resistance.
• modern oil materials allow to reduce the coefficient of wear and improve the wear resistance of materials. Zastosuvannya mastil i mastil, sho vengeance disulphide molybdenum, zbіshuє termіn ekspluatatsії vzzlіv vzzlіv vuzlіv vuzlіv vuzlіv vuzlіv vuzlіv vzvzlіv v 1,5 times, okremyh chastіnі - up to 2 times, and kofitіtsієnt terya vdaєtsya decrease more nizhі 5 times.
• elementoorganic speech - polyorganosiloxanes are shaped by a flexible and helical structure of molecules, which make coils in the world of lower temperatures. In this way, stench retains viscosity, which changes insignificantly, in a wide range of temperatures. Tse allow them to win as a hydraulic motherland in the most manipulative minds.
• protection of metals in the form of corrosion nabuv tsilespryavannosti dії after the creation of the electrochemical theory of corrosion that allows you to miss the significant economic vitrates on the introduction of virobіv iz metals.

In the present hour, before chemistry, together with other sciences, technology and industry, there are many relevant and complex tasks. The synthesis of this practical application of high-temperature, high-temperature, remote, hot superconductors will allow to change the way of saving and transferring energy. New materials are required, among which are materials based on metals, polymers, ceramics and composites. Thus, the problem of the creation of an environmentally friendly engine, which is based on the reaction of burning water in acid, is based on the formation of materials or processes, which transfer the penetration of water through the walls of reservoirs-accumulators into water. The creation of new chemical technologies is also an important direct scientific and technical progress. So, it is necessary to ensure the provision of new types of rare and gas-like fire, which is taken into account for the hour of processing of wood, shale, peat, and wood. It is worthwhile for the improvement of new catalytic processes.

Science is one of the most important treasures of human activity at the stage of development of world civilization. Today there are hundreds of different disciplines: technical, modern, humanitarian, natural sciences. What do they stink? How did natural science develop in the historical aspect?

Natural science is...

What is natural science? If it was born that such direct lines are formed?

Natural science is a discipline that develops natural phenomena and phenomena, which act as the best in relation to the subject of life (people). The term "natural science" in Russian is similar to the word "nature", which is synonymous with the word "nature".

Mathematics is the foundation of natural science, and philosophy is born. From them, behind the great rakhunok, all modern natural sciences came out. A handful of naturalness was spitted on all the nutrition that the nature of those її strong manifestations stand for. Then, in the world, the subject matter was more complicated, natural science began to be fragmented into smaller disciplines, and as time went by, they became more and more water-reinforced.

In the context of the current hour, natural science is a complex of scientific disciplines about nature, taken from that close relationship.

History of the formation of natural sciences

The development of the natural sciences was introduced step by step. However, the interest of a person to the manifestations of nature is manifested in ancient times.

Naturphilosophy (essentially a science) was actively developed in Ancient Greece. The ancient thinkers, with the help of primitive methods and an hour of insight, were able to develop a low level of scientific judgments and important allowances. Even then, natural philosophers were convinced that the Earth was wrapping around the Sun, could explain the sleepy nights and monthly blackouts, and accurately adjusted the parameters of our planet.

In the epoch of the Middle Ages, the development of natural science was markedly accompanied by a strong fallow of the church. A lot of clerks at this hour were persecuted for the so-called аnakovіr'ya. All scientific studies and studies, in fact, led to the clouding of that obguruntuvannya of sacred writings. Prote in the era of the Middle Ages, the logic of that theory was being developed. It should be noted that at this hour the center of natural philosophy (without intermediary cultivation of natural phenomena) has geographically moved to kill the Arab-Muslim region.

In Europe, the turbulent development of natural science begins (reinvents) only in the XVII-XVIII centuries. This is the hour of a large-scale accumulation of factual knowledge and empirical material (the results of "polovih" warnings and experiments). The natural sciences of the 18th century are also based on the results of numerical geographical expeditions, swimming, and resurfacing new lands. In the 19th century, logic and theoretical thought will again appear in the first place. At this time of the day, we are actively working on selected facts, hanging different theories, formulating regularities.

Thales, Eratosthenes, Pythagoras, Claudius Ptolemy, Archimedes, Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Nikola Tesla, Mikhail Lomonosov and many other scientists have been traced to the most important successors of nature in the history of light science.

The problem of classification of natural science

The main natural sciences are considered: mathematics (which is also often called the "queen of sciences"), chemistry, physics, biology. The problem of classification of natural science has been known for a long time and disturbs the minds of more than a dozen opinions and theorists.

Friedrich Engels, the German philosopher and doctrine, who was the greatest friend of Karl Marx and the co-author of his founding practice under the name "Capital", got into the dilemma the best. Vіn zmіg vydіliti two main principles (approaches) typology of scientific disciplines: tse objective pіdhіd, as well as the principle of development.

The Radyan methodologist Bonifatiy Kedrov spoke in the most detailed way. Vaughn has not lost its relevance in our days.

Perelik natural sciences

The whole complex of scientific disciplines is divided into three great groups:

• humanitary (or suspіlnі) sciences;
• technical;
• natural.

The nature is left to twist. The latest translation of the natural sciences representations below:

• astronomy;
• biology;
• the medicine;
• geology;
• Grunetznavstvo;
• physics;
• natural science;
• chemistry;
• botany;
• zoology;
• psychology.

When it comes to mathematics, one cannot think of a single thought, to which group of scientific disciplines one can varto. Some respect natural science, others - exact. Deyakі methodologists vіdnosit mathematics to the okremy class of formal (or abstract) sciences.

Chemistry

Chemistry is a great area of ​​natural science, the main object of cultivation is speech, її likeness and life. Tsya science looks at objects on the atomic-molecular level. It also shows chemical bonds and reactions that are blamed for the interplay of different structural particles of speech.

For the first time, the theory of the one who tse natural bodies are made up of small (not visible to people) elements, hanging the ancient Greek philosopher Demokrit. Letting it go, the cutaneous speech includes more small parts, just like words are made up of different letters.

Modern chemistry is a complex science that includes dozens of disciplines. This is inorganic and organic chemistry, biochemistry, geochemistry, navit cosmochemistry.

Physics

Physics is one of the most ancient sciences of the Earth. In view of it, the laws act as the basis, the foundation of the entire system of natural science disciplines.

Formerly, the term "physics" was used by Aristotle. In those distant hours, there was the same philosophy. Physics began to transform into an independent science only in the 16th century.

Today, under physics, they understand science, which weaves matter, and life and ruh, as well as the wild laws of nature. In її structures, one can see a sprat of the main divisions. This is classical mechanics, thermodynamics, the theory of water quality and other activities.

Physical geography

The division between the natural sciences and the humanities has gone through a thick line along the "body" of the single geographical science, dividing the disciplines. So, physical geography (for the sake of economic and social) opinated in the bosom of natural science.

Tsya science develops the geographic shell of the Earth as a whole, as well as the environment of the natural components of the system, which enter into the warehouse. Current physical geography is formed in a series of middle ones:

• landscape studies;
• geomorphology;
• climatology;
• hydrology;
• oceanology;
• Gruntoznavstvo and others.

Natural and human sciences: unity and authority

Humanities, natural sciences - why are they so far away, one in one, how can you get away?

Understandably, many disciplines are responsible for the object of study. The natural sciences cultivate nature, the humanities - concentrate their respect on people and sustenance. The humanities disciplines cannot exactly compare with the natural ones, it is not possible to mathematically bring their theory to confirm the hypothesis.

From the other side, science is closely tied, intertwined one with one. Especially for the minds of the XXI century. So, mathematics has long been used in literature and music, physics and chemistry - in science, psychology - in social geography and economics too. In addition, it has long since become obvious that many important scholars shy away from the sticks of many scientific disciplines, as, at first glance, they can’t think of absolutely nothing good.

At the end...

Natural science is directly a science that develops natural phenomena, processes and phenomena. There are no such disciplines: physics, mathematics, biology, geography, and astronomy.

Natural sciences, not respecting the numerical strength of the subject and the methods of research, are closely related to the supple and humanitarian disciplines. This connection is especially strong in the 21st century, if all sciences come together and intertwine.

Chemistry is a natural science. Chemistry in the modern world. Brief information about the history of chemistry

Chemistry to lie down to the natural sciences. Chemistry is the science of speech, its power and transformation. The subject of chemistry is the chemical elements and their spoluchy, and inspires regularities that flow chemical reactions. Today's chemistry is more varied than in objects, and for the methods of their research, to that it is divided into independent sciences. At the same time, the main branches of chemistry are inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry and physical chemistry. At one time, significant chemistry was divided on the cordon with other sciences. So, the interplay of chemistry and physics gave, krіm physical chemistry, chemical physics. One of the most advanced directives in chemistry is biochemistry - a science that develops the chemical foundations of life. Mayzhe scientific research will require the use of physical methods for establishing the structure of speech and mathematical methods for analyzing the results.

Chemistry plays a role in scientific and technical progress. Vaughn knew zastosuvannya in all the galleys of science, technology and virobnitstva. Chemistry ensures the conversion of brown copalins into valuable products. Chemistry significantly contributes to the productivity of agricultural production. The role of chemistry in the production of plastics, farb, budding materials, synthetic fabrics, synthetic volatile products, perfumery and perfumery products, and pharmaceutical preparations is no less significant. The study of chemistry helps people not only to promote blatant erudition, but also to know for themselves that intoxicating light.

The term "chemistry" first appeared in the treatise of the Egyptian Greek Zosimus in 400 years of our world, in the language of Zosimus it seems that the "chemistry" of people was taught by demons, that they descended to earth from heaven. The name "khimiya" is similar to the word "Khemi" or "Humana", which the ancient Egyptians called their country, as well as the Nile black earth.

The first chemist-chemists were Egyptian priests. Significant experimental material was already described in the third century BC. At the head of the Oleksandriya library there were about seven hundred handwritten books, which took a lot of work on chemistry. The Greek philosopher Demokrit, who is alive in the fifth century before our time, having first expressed the thought that all bodies are made up of small invisible, inconsistent particles of solid matter that collapse. Win calling qi parts "atoms". Since the third century of our eri in the history of chemistry, the period of alchemy has begun, which was like a search for the gentry to transform base metals on the gentry (sheered that gold) behind the help of a philosophical stone. In Russia, alchemy is not small in breadth, although treatises by alchemists were available. At the beginning of the sixth century, alchemists began to accumulate their knowledge for the needs of cultivating and likuvannya. In the period of the seventeenth-eighteenth century, experimental methods began to be victorious in chemical studies.

The first theory of scientific chemistry was the theory of phlogiston (nevagoma of speech, which is seen from speech at the top of speech), proponed by G. Stahl at the eighteenth century. This theory seemed like a pardon, even though it woke up for a hundred years. The French chemist A. Lavoisier and the Russian chemist M. V. Lomonosov studied exactly how chemical reactions were performed, called the theory of phlogiston and formulated the law of conservation of masi. From 1789 to 1860, the period of the largest chemical laws (atomic and molecular warfare) continued. The current stage in the development of chemical science, which began in the 20th century, continues to the present day. Whether or not the successes of practical chemistry are now grounded on the achievements of fundamental science.

Chemistry - The science of the transformation of speeches, tied with the change of electronic sharpening of atomic nuclei. For whom it is necessary to further clarify the terms "speech" and "science".

Reference to the Chemical Encyclopedia:

rechovina - a kind of matter, for example, masu calm. It is composed of elementary particles: electrons, protons, neutrons, mesons and others. Chemistry is the main rank of speech, organized into atoms, molecules, ions and radicals. Such speeches are accepted to be folded in simple and folded (chemical terms). Simple speeches are made by atoms of one chemical. element and to that є form of іsnuvannya in a free camp, for example, sіrka, zalіzo, ozone, diamond. Folding speeches are made up of various elements and can form a permanent warehouse.

The interpretation of the term "science" has impersonal differences. Here, the words of Rene Descartes (1596-1650) are fully applicable: “Give meaning to the words, and you will spare the people for half of the pardons.” Science it is customary to name the sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development of that theoretical schematization of objective knowledge about reality; galuz culture, yak іsnuvala not for all hours and not for all peoples. The Canadian philosopher William Hatcher defines modern science as “a way of knowing the real world, which includes reality, which is perceived by the organs of human beings, so the reality is invisible, the way of knowing, the foundations on the basis of inspirational models, are transmuted by reality.” Such a designation is close to the understanding of science by Academician V.I. Vernadsky, English mathematician A. Whitehead, and other prominent scientists.

In scientific models of the world, three equalities are seen, which in a particular discipline can be represented in a different spiving:

* empirical material (experimental data);

* idealized images (physical models);

* mathematical description (formulas and equalities).

The scientific-model view of the world inevitably leads to the approximateness of a model. A. Einstein (1879-1955) saying “While mathematical laws describe the action, the stench is invisible, and if the stench ceases to be insignificant, the stink is spit out of the action”.

Chemistry is close to the natural sciences, which bring forth the most abundant light with the usual richness of yoga forms and various manifestations, which are experienced in the new. The specificity of natural knowledge can be distinguished by three signs: truth, intersubjectiveness and systemicity. The truth of scientific truths is determined by the principle of a sufficient foundation: whether a thought is true, it can be grounded by other thoughts, the truth of which has been brought to light. Intersubjectivity means that the investigator is guilty of accepting the same results when the same object is cultivated in the same minds. The systemic nature of scientific knowledge can be based on the inductive-deductive structure.

Chemistry is the science of the transformation of speeches. You will see the warehouse of the speeches, the staleness of the powers of the speeches in their warehouse, wash those ways of transforming some speeches into others. Chemical changes caused by physical changes. That is why chemistry is closely related to physics. Chemistry is related to biology, the oscalls of biological processes are accompanied by uninterrupted chemical transformations.

Improved methods of research, instead of experimental technology, led to the subdivision of science on Daedalus directly. Through war, kіlkіst and “yakіst”, tobto. the arrogance of information grew. However, the impossibility for one mother of new knowledge to develop for the summіzhny scientific fields has given rise to new problems. As in the military strategy, the weakest areas of defense and attack are based on the sticks of the fronts, in science, the least fragmented areas are left that do not qualify for an unambiguous classification. Among other reasons, it is possible to add significance and flexibility to the removal of a higher qualification level (scientific level) for students, like practicing the "style of sciences" in the galleys. Ale there to shy away and the main witnesses of the present.

In today's life, especially in virobnic activity, chemistry plays an important role. There is no longer any chance of virobnitstv that is not related to the stagnation of chemistry. Nature gives more than enough syrovina - wood, ore, naphtha and others. Giving natural materials chemical processing, otrimuyut different speech, the need for a strong state, industrial production, medicine, butu - dobriva, metal, plastic masi, varnishes, farby, medicinal speech, cute, etc. For the transformation of natural syrovina, it is necessary to know the laws of the transformation of speeches, but knowledge of chemistry is necessary. The development of chemical industry is one of the most important minds of technical progress.

Chemical systems

The object of cultivation in chemistry is chemical system . The chemical system is the totality of speeches, which, in mutuality and thought, is actually recreated in Dovkil. The butts of the system can be different objects.

The simplest bearer of chemical powers is the atom - a system that is made up of nuclei and electrons that collapse into a pile. Molecules (radicals, ions, atomic crystals) are established through the war of chemical interactions of atoms – systems that have electrons collapsing from many nuclei. Macrosystems are made up of a combination of a large number of molecules - a variety of different salts, a sum of gases over the surface of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.

Depending on the nature of the interplay of the system with the necessary medium, they distinguish between closed, closed and isolated systems. Vіdkritoy system the system is called, the building is exchanged with the necessary medium of energy and mass. For example, when mixed with soda with varying hydrochloric acid, the reaction proceeds:

Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O.

The mass of the system changes (carbon dioxide vaporizes and water is often steamed), part of the heat that was seen, streaked onto the heating of the hot air.

Closed the system is called, as it can be exchanged with the necessary medium with less energy. A wider system is looked at, which in a closed vessel will be the butt of a closed system. In this case, the exchange of the mass is unbearable and the mass of the system becomes permanent, but the heat of reaction through the walls of the test tube is transferred to dovkil.

Isolated The system is called the system of constant commitment, in which there is no exchange with the usual medium, neither mass nor energy. The concept of an isolated system is abstract, because there is practically no absolutely isolated system.

The okrema part of the system, surrounded by others, if only one surface division, is called phase . For example, the system, which is formed from water, ice and bet, includes three phases and two surface divisions (Fig. 1.1). The phase can be mechanically reinforced with other phases of the system.

Fig.1.1 - Rich phase system.

Do not start the phase with the same physical power and the same chemical warehouse. The butt can be the atmosphere of the ground. In the lower balls, the atmosphere concentration of gases is higher, higher and the temperature is higher, in the upper balls there is a decrease in temperature and a decrease in temperature. Tobto. the homogeneity of the chemical warehouse and the physical powers of the stretching of the phases in this state of affairs cannot be reached. Also, the phase can be interrupted, for example, small pieces of ice that float on the surface of the water, fog, smoke, pina - two-phase systems, in which one phase is interrupted.

The system that is made up of speech, that is in the same phase, is called homogeneous . The system, which is composed of speeches in different phases and may want one between divisions, is called heterogeneous .

Speech, in addition, a chemical system is formed - components. Component you can have visions from the system and follow it. For example, it appears that the difference in sodium chloride in drinking water breaks down into Na + and Cl - ions, and they cannot be absorbed by the components of the system - the difference in salt in drinking water, because. the stench cannot be seen from a given reason, and it can be okremo. The components will be water and sodium chloride.

The mill of the system is defined by її parameters. Parameters can be set both on the molecular level (coordinates, number of skin molecules, valency cuti thinly), and on the macro level (for example, pressure, temperature).

Budov atom.

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