The problem of human dignity is arguments from literature. Arguments for poetry
The problem of upbringing and upbringing is relevant at all times of a person’s life, regardless of the development of human society. Education is an important prerequisite for mutual understanding between people and the key to equal communication between people. The modern writer A. Dorokhov reflects on what a well-educated person should be and what rules he should be guided by.
The hero of the story considered himself educated until a certain time (sentence 1-6). But becoming an accidental witness to the conversation between the elder and the cook, he learns about himself not very pleasant details. Heard conversation completely turns the young man's conviction in his upbringing. This conversation served as an impetus for reflection on what qualities a well-educated person possesses. Guy “Upon reflection, I realized that the cook was completely right in her own way”. It is not enough, for example, to say hello first, it is important to earn the respect of others around you. The generally accepted rules of conduct must be observed, for which they exist. But they can manifest themselves in different ways: depending on the conditions in which the person finds himself.
The position of the author in the proposed text is clearly stated: “ Respect others, reckon with them. Strictly follow the rules of conduct, you will be a good friend to everyone who communicates with you". One cannot but agree with the last lines of the story. If a person observes the rules and norms of behavior, shows respect for others, then the attitude towards him will be similar. Different social strata are characterized by different norms of behavior. But no matter what environment you are in, it is important to follow the rules that exist in this society. Respecting others, you gain respect for yourself and you will be a truly educated person.
There are many examples of educated people. Even in the works of the great masters of the word, this quality is inherent in many heroes. For example, in the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy endows his Bolkonsky with nobility and honesty. He respects the people around him and does not allow anything wrong with them. He listens to the opinion of his father and tries to act for the sake of him, even when he does not want to.
The problem of upbringing is also raised by Turgenev in the novel Fathers and Sons. His Bazarov, preaching nihilism, denies the usual norms of behavior among “fathers”, therefore there is no mutual understanding with the older generation.
In life, too, there are many examples of manifestations of true breeding. The case with the artist Vasily Kachalov is known. Returning from rehearsal, he saw two women trying to get on a tram, but since both were blind, nothing came of it. The actor changed the route that he walked and helped blind people.
“Education is a great thing: it decides the fate of man”- this quote belongs to Belinsky. And you can’t argue with the great Russian critic. Indeed, education plays an important role in life, and our life largely depends on it. It is no coincidence that Dorokhov devoted his work to the problem of education. As long as at least one person lives, upbringing will exist.
A person who has received a good upbringing and has adopted a respectful attitude towards people is a mature person who follows the norms of generally accepted behavior. To become educated, you need to grow and improve every day. Our daily deeds and actions are nothing but the result of education. The concept of “well-mannered person” is certainly relative, since everyone has their own idea of \u200b\u200bthe degree of education. But the main criterion remains respect for others and mutual politeness.
Material prepared by Dovgomel Larisa Gennadevna
Source text:
(1) In my youth, I considered myself a well-mannered man. (2) When meeting with friends, he knew how to politely say hello. (3) In conversation, he listened carefully to the interlocutor, not allowing himself to interrupt his story, no matter how long it was. (4) In a dispute, even the hottest, he never shouted, much less used rude words. (5) There was no case that I, inadvertently pushing someone, did not apologize or go through the door first, without giving way to the satellite. (6) In a word, my upbringing seemed to me impeccable.
(7) But it only seemed. (8) And it turned out completely unexpectedly. (9) Somehow, during my student practice, I had to live two weeks with a lumberjack artel. (10) And then one evening I accidentally overheard a conversation that I would remember forever.
(11) Crouching on the threshold of our spacious dugout, the artel headman spoke quietly with the cook. (12) It was about me.
- (13) He’s not a guy, - said the cook, - literate, it’s too gray! (14) There is no upbringing.
- (15) But what? - the headman became interested.
- (16) Yes, everything is done not humanly. (17) It will begin to wash itself - it will flood the entire floor, then wipe it after it. (18) Sits down at the table - no, so that at first the liquid slurp, immediately, without a command, starts to drag the meat from the bottom. (19) Well, it’s not difficult to bring a spoon to your mouth, and it’s not accustomed to that. (20) Bread does not substitute under a spoon, drips onto a table. (21) And where had he hitherto lived? ..
(22) I listened and felt myself blushing. (23) “Well, well! (24) So, then, am I “gray?”
(25) First, of course, I was offended. (26) But then, upon reflection, he realized that the cook in his own right was completely right.
(27) True, in the morning I did not forget to say hello to her, politely shunned when she brought a boiling samovar or a heavy pot of cabbage soup to the table, and when I got up from the table, I thanked for lunch. (28) But this did not surprise her. (29) For her, all this was familiar and natural. (Z0) But those gaps in my upbringing, which were discussed, were very noticeable. (31) And she could not come to terms with them.
(32) However, on my part there was no great fault. (33) Since childhood, I lived in an apartment with running water, and ate from a separate plate. (34) I didn’t have to wash my face with a bucket from a ladle; I didn’t happen to eat from a common artel boiler. (35) Therefore, I did not know any special rules of behavior that were mandatory for people living in other conditions. (36) And to fulfill them was no less important than those city ones to which I was accustomed to obey.
(37) This incident made me think for the first time about what a well-mannered person is. (38) What are the actual rules of conduct to which we must obey?
(39) Subsequently, I was convinced more than once that these rules exist in any society, in every collective. (40) Somehow they differ. (41) It depends on the conditions in which people live.
(42) But no matter what rules of conduct you touch, in the main they are always the same: respect others, reckon with them. (43) Strictly observing the rules of conduct, you will be a good companion to everyone who communicates with you in the family, at school, on vacation.
(According to A. Dorokhov *)
Composition from students of a comprehensive school. There may be errors in the composition.
Text by Alexey Dorokhov
(1)
In my youth, I considered myself a well-mannered man. (2)
When meeting with friends he knew how to politely say hello. (3)
In conversation, he listened carefully to the interlocutor, not allowing himself to interrupt his story, no matter how long it was. (4)
In a dispute, even the hottest, he never screamed, much less used rude words. (5)
There was no case that I, inadvertently pushing someone, did not apologize or go through the door first, without giving way to the satellite. (6)
In a word, my upbringing seemed to me impeccable.
(7)
But it only seemed. (8)
And it turned out completely unexpectedly. (9)
Somehow, during my student practice, I had to live two weeks with the lumberjack artel. (10)
And then one evening I accidentally overheard a conversation that I remembered forever.
(11)
Crouching on the threshold of our spacious dugout, the artel headman spoke quietly with the cook. (12)
It was about me.
—(13)
He’s not a guy, - said the cook, - literate, it’s too gray! (14) There is no upbringing.
— (15)
And what? - the headman became interested.
— (16)
Yes, everything does not humanly. (17)
It will begin to wash - the whole floor will flood, then wipe behind it. (18)
He’ll sit down at the table - no, so that at first the liquid slurp, immediately, without a command, begins to drag meat from the bottom. (19)
It’s not difficult to bring a spoon to his mouth, and he’s not accustomed to that. (20)
Bread under a spoon does not substitute, drips onto the table. (21)
And where did he live until now? ..
(22)
I listened and felt myself blushing. (23)
"Well well! (24)
So, then, am I “gray?”
(25)
First, of course, I was offended. (26)
But then, on reflection, he realized that the cook was completely right in his own way.
(27)
True, in the mornings I did not forget to say hello to her, politely shunned when she carried a boiling samovar or a heavy pot of cabbage soup to the table, and when I got up from the table, I thanked for lunch. (28)
But this did not surprise her. (29)
For her, all this was familiar and natural. (Z0) But those gaps in my upbringing, which were discussed, were very noticeable. (31)
And she could not come to terms with them.
(32)
However, on my part there was no great fault. (33)
Since childhood, I lived in an apartment with running water, ate from a separate plate. (34)
I didn’t have to wash my face over a bucket from a ladle; I didn’t happen to eat from a common artel boiler. (35)
Therefore, I did not know any special rules of behavior that were mandatory for people living in other conditions. (36)
And to fulfill them was no less important than those city ones to which I was accustomed to obey.
(37)
This incident made me think for the first time about what a well-mannered person is. (38)
What are the actual rules of conduct that we must obey?
(39)
Subsequently, I was convinced more than once that these rules exist in any society, in every collective. (40)
In what they differ. (41)
It depends on the conditions in which people live.
(42)
But no matter what rules of conduct you touch, in the main they are always the same: respect others, reckon with them. (43)
Strictly observing the rules of conduct, you will be a good friend to everyone who communicates with you in the family, at school, on vacation.
(According to A. Dorokhov *)
The writing:
TOhow should a man be brought up? What rules should he obey? It is on these issues that the contemporary writer Alexei Dorokhov discusses in his text.
Athe second writes that the lyrical hero of the story considered himself a well-mannered person until he accidentally overheard a conversation between an artel headman and a cook. He learned a lot about himself, which completely erased his opinion about his upbringing. Soon, the hero of the story, Alexei Dorokhov, asked himself: “What is a well-mannered person?”, Then he realized that the most important thing is respect for other people. Rules, of course, exist, but they differ from each other depending on the conditions.
Athe second position is clearly stated: "Follow the rules of conduct, respect others, reckon with them, and you will be a good friend to everyone."
I I agree with Alexei Dorokhov. You must follow the rules of conduct and respect the people around you, in which case people will respect you.
INthere are a lot of well-worn people, even the great Russian writers have more than once endowed their heroes with this quality. Such a person can be found in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Andrey Bolkonsky from the very beginning makes a good impression on the reader. He never allowed himself anything bad. On the contrary, he respected the people around him. He obeyed his father in everything, tried to please him at those moments when he himself did not want it. Because of this, he had to part with his girlfriend.
ING. Belinsky said: "Education is a great thing: they decide the fate of man." Indeed, human education plays an important role in life. One cannot argue with the fact that in many ways a person’s life depends on his upbringing.
Ait is no coincidence that Lexi Dorokhov touched upon this problem. The upbringing of a person will exist as long as at least one person lives. You need to be brought up, otherwise other people will not respect you.
Two random arguments on the topic. "Parenting" to the exam:
1) The hero of Astafyev’s story “A horse with a pink mane” in the difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village was formed as a person under the influence of the kindness of grandparents.
2) Scientists have long been talking about the so-called "pyramid of abilities." At an early age, there are almost no talented children, they are already much less at school, and even fewer at universities, although they go there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very negligible percentage of truly talented people. It is estimated, in particular, that only three percent of those engaged in scientific work really move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that people need the greatest abilities during the development of the basics of life and self-assertion in it, that is, in the early years; then, in thinking and behavior, acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired, firmly deposited in the brain of knowledge, etc. begin to prevail. In this regard, genius is “an adult who remains a child,” that is, a person who maintains a heightened sense of novelty in relation to things, people, in general - to the world.
Usage example
For example, at the exam you got the text of D. Granin on the topic of honor. Using our service "Ready-made arguments for writing on the exam," you get the following two arguments *:
1) As you know, A.S. Pushkin died in a duel, fighting for the honor of his wife. M. Lermontov in his poem called the poet "a slave of honor." The quarrel, the reason for which was the insulted honor of A. Pushkin, led to the death of the greatest writer. However, Alexander Sergeyevich retained his honor and good name in people's memory.
2) The hero with high moral qualities is Petrusha Grinev - the character of the story of A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Peter did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when you could pay with your head for it. He was a respectable and proud man of high moral standards. He could not leave unpunished Shvabrin’s slander against Masha, so he challenged him to a duel.
Shvabrin is the exact opposite of Grinev: he is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked on the heads of others, stepping over himself to please his momentary desires. Folk rumor says: "take care of the dress again, and honor from the young." Having once tarnished your honor, you are unlikely to ever be able to restore your good name.
As a result, most of the essay you have already written: 150 words (arguments) out of 200 (the full amount of the answer required by the exam).
* The selection of arguments on a given topic is made automatically, with each new time you get a new pair of arguments.
A.S. Pushkin
Theme of creativity, the appointment of the poet and poetry occupies a leading position in the works of Pushkin. Your idea of \u200b\u200bthe perfect look the poet A.S.P. embodied in the poem " Prophet". The poet gives his interpretation of the biblical plot. It depicts a spiritual transformation, the formation of a poet prophet. Through painful transformations, the poet gains wisdom and truth. For the word to be true, the poet must go through suffering. Poem “I have erected a monument to myself ...” - poetic generalization by the poet himself of the meaning of his creativity, poetic testament. The poem reveals the main features of the poetry of A.S.P .: nationality, humanism and love of freedom.
In the poem “In the hills of Georgia lies the night haze ...” loveappears as a source of new experiences and inspirations. Not so much the pacification of the night, as the noise of the river, is in tune with the love impulse. Poem “I remember a wonderful moment ...”- This is a poetic autobiography. The meeting with her beloved woman helped the lyrical hero, whose image corresponds to the author, again to understand the beauty of life and caused a poetic inspiration. A.S.P. comes to understand of loveas highest value a person who is able to arouse inspiration and the best human feelings in a poet.
In the poem “Once again I visited ...” sounds philosophical reflection on the meaning of life, about the connection of generations, about memory. The poet understands that the answer lies in the harmony of nature and that time moves inexorably forward. He summarizes his reflections on the meaning of life and at the same time talks about the future, expresses his statement of life, its constant circulation.
S.A. Yesenin
Elegy " I do not regret, do not call, do not cry…" - philosophical thinking about life and death, about the corruption of all things, farewell to youth. The image of the “pink horse” symbolizes pipe dreams of beauty. The poem also sounds gratitude theme to the fact that "came to flow and die."
In a poem on love theme“There was a blue fire ...”contrasted reality and dream, ruined life and the possibility of renewal. For the sake of love, the lyrical hero not only renounces the past, but is even ready to forget his relatives, give up poetry.
The theme of the fate of Russia, the theme of the homelandsounds in poems "I am the last poet of the village ...", Goy, Russia, my dear ... "etc. Dialectic words help create a special flavor and express love for the motherland. In the poem “Rus” the poet managed to express all that painfully native, joyful and sad, with which the concept of homeland, Russian land is associated with it. In the poem "The golden grove dissuaded ..." the state of nature reflects the state of the soul of the lyrical hero. The poet creates bright, colorful and multicolor natural worldfilled with tints of flowers and exquisite shades. The lyrical hero of the poem admires the "wide month over the blue pond", "the fire of the red rowan." He feels himself an integral part of nature.
A.A. Block
Theme of Russia - the main one in the poetry of Blok. The image of Russia is multifaceted. Poem "Rus" read like a confession of the lyrical hero, his mental throwing. The mystery of Russia is seen by the author in the living soul of the people. Very peculiarly expressed attitude to the homeland in the cycle "On the Kulikovo field”, Which is dedicated to comprehending the historical fate of Russia. And this fate is tragic. Its symbol is the rapidly rushing steppe mare. This is a symbolic perception of the unity of human life and the life of nature. The image of Russia is also intertwined with female images: “Oh, my Russia! My wife! ”This is the highest degree of unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. This cycle gives rise to faith in the bright future of the homeland.
Love in the verses of the Blok acquires great importance, because together with it a person has a feeling of genuine unity with the world. In the poem "Stranger»The image of a beautiful stranger instills faith in the bright beginning of life, transforms the poet, his poems and thoughts change. The main literary device is the antithesis. In the first part - the dirt and vulgarity of the world, and in the second - a beautiful stranger. This is Blok’s protest against the cruelty of a terrible world, turning all of the highest and most valuable into a vulgar routine. Lovely Lady in "Poems about the Beautiful Lady" - not only a symbol of ideal unity and harmony, she owns the secret of life's balance, comprehension of the meaning of being. Message "About valor, about feats, about glory ..." has a ring composition: the first line repeats the last. But the lyrical hero no longer thinks of either valor or deed, he seeks at least tenderness, but does not find it either. This poem is about love The hero has a passionate desire to regain the love lost already many years ago.
Philosophical perception of life, the tragic attitude and the identification of personal fate with the fate of the homeland determine the character of the lyrical hero of block poetry. In the poem "Night, street, lantern, pharmacy ..."the world is devoid of harmony, music, it is insensitive, closed. The image of a gloomy street is philosophical metaphor of tragedy of life.The sense of hopelessness of existence is enhanced by the ring composition. In the poem " The girl sang in the church choir ... " A. Blok reveals the world in all its inconsistency. On the one hand, holiness of prayer and great sorrow. On the other hand, people are capable of such cruel action as war.
A.A. Akhmatova
Patriotic theme, homeland theme (poem "Requiem")sounds in the lyrics of A.A., which forever linked its fate with the fate of their native land. “Not with those who threw the earth ...” -declares the author. Political protest against the expulsion of the colors of the Russian intelligentsia is combined with the condemnation of those who voluntarily fled from Soviet Russia and the adoption of their own lot. During the war years, Akhmatova, sensing her life as part of a nation’s life, writes poems reflecting the spiritual spirit of the fighting Russia: "... then I was with my people, Where my people, unfortunately, were ..."
A.A. often turned to the theme of poetic craft. In the loop "Secrets of the craft"the lyrical heroine declares: "When would you know from what rubbish Poems Grow Without Knowing Shame ..."This is the animation of poetic creation, and some independence of the creative process from the will of the creator. And then unexpected and at the same time justified comparisons: “ "Like a yellow dandelion at the fence, Like burdocks and quinoa."The main purpose of poetry, according to the author, is to give people the joy of contact with creations of high art.
B.L. Pasternak
Theme of poet and poetry touched on in a poem "Hamlet", where the author presents himself in the image of Hamlet. Hamlet in the work is compared with Jesus Christ: their fates are accomplished regardless of their will, according to God's plan. This poem also sounds the theme of loneliness, incomprehensibility by people around and complex relationships of the individual with society.
M. Yu. Lermontov
The comprehension of complex social and philosophical problems is characteristic of Lermontov’s poetry. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe poem "Thought» - thoughts about the fate of generations. The author does not separate himself from his contemporaries, taking at his own expense the listed defects and losses. This indicates the high responsibility of the poet to the present and future of his fatherland.
F.I. Tyutchev
The main theme in the poetry of poetry is nature. This is landscape philosophical lyrics. Nature in the lyrics of Tyutchev is animated, it is always in motion, often in a transitional state: between the times of the day, the seasons. In the poem "The land is still sad view ..." the poet shows the subtle border between winter and spring, between day and night. A rich sound recording (alliteration to hissing) creates a feeling of vibrating air, a light breeze.
N.A. Nekrasov poem "Railway"
The theme of the nature of the native land is closely intertwined with the theme of the motherland and the hard life of the people.
There is no outrage in nature! And kochi
And moss swamps and stumps -
All is well under the moonlight
I recognize my native Russia ...
4. "Bank" of arguments from fiction and journalistic literature
(author - G.T. Egoraeva, as well as from personal experience)
| The problem of the relationship between man and nature | In the novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. Turgenev, Nikolai Petrovich, Arkady’s father, after a dispute between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov, is in a state of sad reflection and does not understand how one can not admire nature. The author describes the summer evening in detail, and we see and feel nature just as N.P. The last page of the novel is a description of the rural cemetery, the parents of Bazarov and the grave of the protagonist. In this description, the eternity of nature and the temporality of social theories claiming eternity are contrasted. |
| In the story of A.P. Chekhov “Steppe” Egorushka, struck by the beauty of the steppe, humanizes it and turns it into its double: it seems to him that the steppe space is capable of suffering, and rejoicing, and yearning. His experiences and thoughts become not childishly serious, philosophical. | |
| The problem of human perception of nature. The problem of the influence of nature on man | In the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy, “War and Peace,” Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. In the scene of Natasha’s night conversation with Sonya, Natasha’s happy poetic world is revealed, her ability to discover the beauty of the world. During a trip to Otradnoye, Andrei Bolkonsky saw an old oak tree, and the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are connected with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree. |
| The problem of respect for nature | V. Rasputin in the story “Farewell to Matera” touches on the theme of love for a small homeland. Resisting the construction of a power plant on the river, the villagers defend their homeland, village, and history. Depicting the separation of old people from Matera (both the island and the village), their pain and suffering, the author makes one think about such transformations in life that would not destroy the human in man. The main character Daria Pinigina painfully watches the destruction of Matera. It is difficult for her, deeply attached to her native land, feeling herself as one with nature, to endure farewell to Mater. Even nature is hard to resist trying to kill her: this year meadows and fields bring abundant crops, they are full of live sounds, birdsong. |
| Family problems The problem of the role of childhood in human life | In the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy, “War and Peace”, on the eve of his tragic death in relations with his comrades, he shows all the best features of the “Rostov breed” he inherited in his home: kindness, openness, desire to help at any moment. He cares for the young French captive drummer. |
| The problem of the role of the family in the formation of personality | In the Rostov family in Leo Tolstoy’s epic novel “War and Peace,” everything was built on sincerity and kindness, which is why the children - Natasha, Nikolai and Petya - became for real good people (Natasha persuades her father to give carts for the wounded, depriving the family of acquired property; Nikolai and Petya are participating in the war, Petya is dying in the partisan detachment), and in the Kuragin family, where career and money were everything, Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists who inflict pain to other people. |
| The problem of the relationship of fathers and children The problem of "fathers and children" | In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" the main character Bulba raised his sons Ostap and Andriy as true defenders of the homeland, as valiant warriors. The father could not forgive Andria, who fell in love with the Pole, betrayal, kills his son. Taras Bulba is proud of Ostap, who courageously fights in battle and steadily accepts execution. For Taras, the partnership was above all blood ties. |
| In the work of A.S. Pushkin's “Captain's Daughter”, his father’s instructions “to preserve honor from youth” helped Pyotr Grinev even in the most difficult moments of his life to remain honest, true to himself and duty: both during the Pugachev riot, and during arrest and trial. | |
| Following the covenant of his father "save a penny", Chichikov, the hero of the poem N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls", devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience, who falsely promotes his service, then he buys the dead souls of peasants. | |
| The problem of family relationships | In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's “Fathers and Sons” depicts a difficult relationship in the Kirsanov and Bazarov family. Parents of E. Bazarov surrounded his son with such excessive love and care that he prefers to live and work on the Kirsanovs' estate, although he loves his parents. Arkady Kirsanov, imitating his friend Bazarov, at first estranges from his father, but eventually grows up and not only spiritually becomes close to his family, but also repeats his father’s fate: he marries, is engaged in an estate. |
| Teacher roles in human life | Teacher Lidia Mikhailovna, the heroine of the story Rasputin's “French Lessons” taught the hero not only French lessons, but also kindness, sympathy, the ability to feel someone else’s pain. Additionally studying with a boy french language, the teacher also tried to help him in life |
| In parable. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince" The Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relations. To understand a person, one must learn to peer into him, forgive minor flaws. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you will not immediately see it. | |
| Indifference of the adult world | The heroes of the story by A. Pristavkin “A golden cloud slept” - Kuzmenyons - being in an orphanage, they became victims of cruelty and indifference of adults. |
| Boy, the hero of the story F.M. Dostoevsky's “Boy at Christ on the Christmas tree”, arrived with his mother in St. Petersburg, but after her death, on the eve of Christmas, no one needed him. Nobody even gave him a piece of bread. The child froze, hungry and abandoned. | |
| The problem of development and preservation of the Russian language | In the book "Letters on the Good and the Beautiful," D.S. Likhachev writes that one must study good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully, listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part not only of our behavior, but also of our personality, our soul, mind, our ability to resist the influences of the environment, if it is "addictive." |
| In N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”, the author, presenting different types of landowners, shows their ignorance, lack of education, ignorance. If Manilov expresses himself beautiful phrases, devoid of meaning, in Nozdrev’s speech, on the contrary, the reduced vocabulary of the conversational style prevails. As a privileged, ruling class, landowners should be educated, cultured, but Gogol's landowners are brought together by lack of culture, ignorance, and indifference to the people. | |
| In the comedy of A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”, the speech of all the heroes is the main means of characterization. Particularly aphoristic, accurate is the speech of Chatsky as a progressively thinking person (“Would you like to serve gladly, serve sickly,” “And who are the judges?”, “Mix Languages: French with Nizhny Novgorod ”), which complains about anti-national education, isolation from the Russian soil. | |
| The problem of the correlation of a person’s name and his inner essence | In the comedy D.I. Fonvizin's "Undergrowth", many heroes have "talking" names: Vralman, a former coachman, lied that he was a foreign teacher; the name Mitrofan means "like his mother," which in the comedy is portrayed as a stupid ignoramus. Skotinin Taras - Uncle Mitrofan; He loves pigs very much and, in terms of rudeness, is like cattle, as the surname points to. |
| Problems associated with negative personality traits. The problem of heartlessness, spiritual callousness | In the story of K.G. Paustovsky's "Telegram" Nastya lives a bright, filled life away from her lonely, old mother. Daughters, all matters seem so important and urgent so that she completely forgets to write letters home, does not visit her mother. Even when a telegram came about her mother’s illness, Nastya didn’t immediately go, and therefore did not catch Katerina Ivanovna alive. Mother never waited for her only daughter, whom she loved very much. |
| The problem of loss of spiritual values \u200b\u200bThe problem of death of the soul | In N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”, the author depicts a gallery of types, showing the degree of degradation and moral decline of landowners selling dead souls of serfs and who are indifferent or cruel to the living. Plyushkin - "a gap in humanity." |
| In the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Gooseberry" the main character, dreaming of a manor with gooseberries, denies himself everything, marries by calculation, saves money. He practically starved his wife, but fulfilled his dream. | |
| The problem of betrayal, irresponsible attitude to the fate of others | In the story of L. Andreev, “Judas Iscariot,” Judas, betraying Christ, wants to test the devotion of his disciples and the correctness of the humanistic teachings of Jesus. However, they all turned out to be cowardly philistines, like the people who also did not defend their Teacher. |
| The problem of meanness, dishonor | In the work of A.S. Pushkin's “Captain's Daughter” Mop Swabri is a nobleman, but he is dishonorable: having gotten used to Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge, speaking badly of her; during a duel with Grinev inflicts a sneaky blow on his back. The complete loss of ideas about honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels. |
| The issue of honor | In the story of A.P. Chekhov “The death of an official” Chervyakov is incredibly infected with the spirit of reverence: sneezing and splashing a bald spot in front of the seated general, the official was so frightened that after humiliating requests to forgive him, he died of fear. |
| The hero of the story A.P. Chekhov's “Fat and Thin”, an official Porfiry, met a school friend at the railway station and found out that he was a secret adviser, i.e. promoted significantly higher. In an instant, the “subtle” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate itself and to cajole. | |
| Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy A.S. Griboedova “Woe from Wit”, I’m sure that you should please not only “all people without exception”, but even “the janitor’s dog so that it’s affectionate”. The need to tirelessly please is his romance with Sophia, the daughter of Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, about which Famusov tells edification to Chatsky, in order to deserve the empress’s disposition, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls. | |
| Relationship problem between people | In D. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth,” Ms. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior towards others to be the norm: she is a mistress in a house that no one dares to argue with. Therefore, she has Trishka “cattle”, “blockhead” and “thieves' bitch”. |
| In the story of A.P. Chekhov "Chameleon" police supervisor Ochumelov creeps at those who are above him in the ranks and feels like a formidable boss in relation to those below. In each situation, he changes his opinions to the opposite, depending on whether the person, significant or not, is affected by it: general's dog or not. | |
| The problem of moral decline | In the story of N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba” for the love of a beautiful Polish Andriy renounces his homeland, relatives, comrades, voluntarily goes over to the side of the enemy. This betrayal was further aggravated by the fact that he rushed into the battle against his father, brother, and former friends. Unworthy, shameful death - this is the result of his moral decline. |
| The problem of bribery, embezzlement | In the comedy N.V. Gogol's “The Inspector” is a mayor, a bribe taker and a embezzler who has deceived three governors in his lifetime, and is convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to splurge. Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin takes bribes with greyhound puppies. |
| The problem of the destructive influence of money | In the story of A.P. Chekhov's “Ionych” Dr. Startsev, a talented doctor in his youth, who treats his work with nobility and zeal, gradually getting rich, becomes important and rude, he has only one passion left in his life - money. |
| In the poem of N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" the image of Stepan Plyushkin, stingy landowner, personifies the complete necrosis of the human soul, the death of a strong personality, absorbed by the passion of stinginess. This passion caused the destruction of all family and friendship ties, and Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance. | |
| The problem of selfishness | In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's “War and Peace” Anatole Kuragin invades Natasha Rostova’s life to satisfy her own ambitions, destroys her personal life, plans to escape with her, although she is married. |
| IN story A, P. Chekhov's “Anna on the neck” Anyuta, having become, by calculation, the wife of a wealthy official, feels like a queen, and the rest, slaves. She forgot about her father and brothers, who are forced to sell the most necessary in order not to die of hunger. | |
| The problem of careerism, false scholarship | The world of physicists in D. Granin’s novel “Going to a Thunderstorm” is a battlefield where there is a struggle between genuine scientists (Krylov, Dan) and careerists. Unable to creativity, by hook or by crook, seeking an administrative career in science, these opportunists almost destroyed the scientific search of Tulin, Krylov, who were looking for an effective method of destroying a thunderstorm. |
| The problem of human responsibility to himself and society for the realization of his abilities | Oblomov, the main character of I. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”, with all his positive inclinations and abilities, was never able to realize himself because of laziness, turned into a living corpse. Career failed, books not read, letter to the headman not written. |
| The problem of loneliness (indifference, indifference to the fate of others) | The cab driver Jonah Potapov, the hero of the story A.P. Chekhov's "Tosca", the only son died. To overcome his longing and a keen sense of loneliness, he wants to tell someone about his misfortune, but no one wants to listen to him, nobody cares. And then Jonah tells his horse his whole story: it seems to him that it was she who listened to him and sympathized with grief. |
| The problem of true and false values \u200b\u200bin life | In the story of A.P. Chekhov's “Poprygunya” Olga Ivanovna spent her whole life looking for famous people, trying to earn their favor at all costs, not noticing that her husband, Dr. Dymov, was the very person she was searching for. Only after his tragic death did the heroine realize her frivolity. |
| The problem of patriotism | The theme of the Motherland and its defense is one of the main and long-standing in Russian literature. She excitedly sounded even in the “Word on Igor’s Regiment.” The feeling of the Motherland, unity with his people, as the author believes, is the main thing in man. The defeat of Igor’s troops and his remorse, the alarming thoughts of Svyatoslav and the grief of Yaroslavna - all this the author convinces of the need to unite to protect his native land. |
| The action of B. Vasiliev’s short story “Not Listed” takes place at the very beginning of World War II in the Brest Fortress besieged by German invaders. The main character, Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov, falls into the fortress just before the start of the war. He defended the Brest Fortress for nine months. He went upstairs because he ran out of ammunition, because he found out that the Germans were defeated near Moscow. His courage, stamina, Nikolai made admire even the enemies. Pluzhnikov became a symbol of all those unknown soldiers who fought to the end and died, not counting on fame. | |
| The problem of courage, heroism, moral duty | In B. Vasiliev’s novel “The Dawns Are Quiet Here,” the anti-aircraft gunners died, destroying a detachment of saboteurs. They were not afraid of the numerical superiority of the enemy. Bright images of girls, their dreams and memories of loved ones, create a striking contrast with the inhuman face of the war, which did not spare them - young, loving, tender. The last of the girls killed Rita Ovsyanina, only the elder Vaskov remains alive. |
| Pilot Aleksey Maresyev, the hero of B. Polevoy’s novel “A Tale of a Real Man,” survived only thanks to his will and courage after his frostbitten legs were amputated when he crawled to our enemy’s rear. The hero subsequently returned to his squadron, proving to everyone that he was in control of his fate. | |
| The problem of moral choice | V. Kondratyev, the author in the story "Sashka", shows us a soldier honest, responsive, humane. Being in difficult situations, he often faced a difficult choice, but always remained a man. |
| In the story of V. Bykov “Obelisk”, the teacher Oles Moroz voluntarily went to execution with his students. He could stay alive. But he could not leave the guys alone in the last hours, the minutes of their execution, because this would mean for him a betrayal of his pupils, a betrayal of his moral principles. | |
| In the story of V. Bykov “Sotnikov” during the war, carrying out the next task of the commander of the partisan detachment, Sotnikov passes through difficult trials with honor and accepts death, not renouncing his beliefs, and Rybak becomes a traitor, saving his life. In the face of death, a person remains what he really is. Here, the depth of his convictions, his civic stamina is checked. | |
| The problem of homesickness, love of the motherland | In N. Taffy's book “Memoirs,” the writer predicted the fate of an entire generation of emigrants who left Russia during the revolution and the Civil War. These people, homesick for their homeland, are doomed to tragic joint loneliness in foreign countries. |
| Inextricable communication with the homeland, native land | In the story of A. Solzhenitsyn, “Matrenin Dvor”, for Matrena Vasilyevna, her house, yard, village are much more important than the place where you live. For the heroine, this is the meaning of her life, part of her life, the memory of the past, of loved ones. |
| Fidelity to this word | In the story A.S. Pushkin’s “Dubrovsky” Masha Troekurova, married to an unloved man - the old man Vereisky, refuses to break the vow of lifelong fidelity given to him in the church when Dubrovsky, whom she was in love with, was late to save her from this marriage and stopped the wedding procession only on the return trip from churches. |
| In the novel in verses by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” Tatyana Larina, faithful to her conjugal duty and this word, rejected the feeling of her beloved Onegin secretly. She became the personification of sincerity and moral strength. | |
| Human aspirations for good and happiness | In the comedy A.P. Chekhov's “Cherry Orchard” by Ana Ranevskaya has a young faith in happiness, in her own strength. She sincerely rejoices in leaving the old manor, because a new life begins. |
| The problem of selfless service | In the story N.S. Leskova “The Enchanted Wanderer” Ivan Flyagin, the hero of the story exempts the young peasant from the heavy soldiering service, under his name, he sets off to serve in the army. |
| Human moral strength | In the work of V. Bykov "Sotnikov" Sotnikov, physically weak and sick, is morally much stronger than Rybak, the partner with whom he went on reconnaissance. The fisherman became a traitor, and Sotnikov preferred death to such a disgrace. |
| The problem of loyalty to one’s beliefs | In the story of M. Sholokhov, “The fate of man,” the fate of the hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, is very tragic; Not every person could endure what the hero had to endure: captivity, news of the death of his wife and daughters, and subsequently his son. However, Andrei managed to survive and even bring up Vanyushka, who was also orphaned by the war. |
| In the story of A. Solzhenitsyn, “One Day of Ivan Denisovich,” Ivan Shukhov retained his dignity, managed to remain human in hellish conditions of the Stalinist camps, not break. Shukhov’s life is not limited to the camp; he recalls the village, his family, the war, and this gives him the strength to live. | |
| The problem of friendship, partnership | In the story of N.V. Gogol's “Taras Bulba” Taras Bulba, the central character of the story, believed that partnership was higher than family, higher than blood kinship, and higher than earthly things. |
| Internationalism (Interethnic Relations) | In the novel “Coast" by Y. Bondarev, the Love of the Russian lieutenant Nikitin and the German Emma, \u200b\u200btheir humanity is the desire to overcome national and ideological barriers. |
| In the story of A. Pryvastkin, “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night,” the children — the Russian Kolka and the Chechen Alkhuzur — became real brothers in spite of the madness that adults were doing in the Caucasus. The little Chechen felt how hard Kolka after the terrible death of his brother, he was full of compassion. Only fraternal help helped Kolka return to life. Alkhuzur renounced his own name, saving a friend: he called himself Sasha. His wise act accomplished the expected miracle: Kolka rose, but nothing will force him to see the enemy in the Chechen. In the children's receiver, children of different nationalities were gathered. For them there was no concept of national hostility: the children were friends, guarded each other. The teacher Regina Petrovna stated: “There are no bad peoples. There are only bad people. ” | |
| The problem of love and mercy | In M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” Margarita is capable of deep, devoted, selfless love, and therefore she is morally invulnerable. Just as Yeshua remains a man, even being in the power of the murderers, and sympathizes and helps one of them, Margarita, even in the role of the queen of the ball with Satan, remains a man: helps Frida. |
| The problem of humanism | In A. Adamovich’s work “Dumb” during the war, punishers were supposed to burn one of the Belarusian villages, but the German Franz cannot kill Polina and her mother, the owners of the house in which he lived. He kills his mentor - a fascist and hides in the cellar with Polina and her mother. When Soviet troops arrive, Polina represents the German as a dumb brother, saving him, as Franz once saved them. |
| The problem of faith in man | In the play “At the Bottom” by M. Gorky, Luke, the character of the play, believes that every person is a secret, but everyone lives for the better, therefore every person must be respected: “we don’t know who he is, why he was born and what he can do. .. maybe he was born for our happiness ... for our great benefit? .. ”Luke seeks to help the hidden powers of man from the secret to become apparent. His faith in people mainly corresponds to their inner aspirations and capabilities (Actor, Ashes). |
| Good (love) as a resurrecting power | In M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” the power of good, the human strength that Yeshua embodies in himself, is that he sees the soul of another, understands him and tries to help him. That is what the prisoner first of all strikes with Pilate. Yeshua performed the greatest miracle: he gave a place in his soul to a man who threatens his life, can become his executioner, “he loved him! And something turned in Pilate’s soul. And from that moment on, his rebirth begins. |
| The problem of the power of love | In the story of A. Kuprin “Garnet bracelet” For the little official Zheltkov, love for Princess Vera Sheyna became the meaning of life, and her beloved woman became the one in which “all the beauty of the earth was embodied”. This feeling helped him to become morally superior to Bulat Tuganovsky, the brother of Vera, who decided that with the help of the authorities it was possible to forbid love. |
| Talent, natural giftedness | In the tale of N.S. Leskov "Lefty" oblique and poorly wielding the right hand Tula gunsmith Levsha forged a flea, which is invisible to the eye. |
| Problems associated with the role of art in human life | In the story of V. Korolenko, “The Blind Musician,” describes how Petrus was born blind, and the music helped him survive and become a truly talented pianist. |
| In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's “War and Peace” through her singing Natasha Rostova is able to influence the best in man. That is how she saved her brother Nikolai from despair after he lost a large sum of money. | |
| The problem of the role of fiction in the formation of personality | Alyosha, the hero of the novel by M. Gorky “My Universities”, believed that only the books he had read helped him withstand the most difficult life tests, become a man .. |
| The problem of preserving culture | In the work of R. Bradbury “Smile”, the boy Tom during the next “Cultural Revolution”, risking his life, takes away and hides the canvas, which depicts the Mona Lisa. He wants to save it, in order to subsequently return it to people: Tom believes that real art can ennoble even a wild crowd. |
| The relationship of power and personality, power and artist | The master in the novel by M. A. Bulgakov was not created for the fierce struggle that society condemns him to and does not understand that, having become a writer, he thereby becomes a competitor to mediocrity and demagogues who have captured the “literary field”. They are mediocre and therefore hate talented people; among them, opportunists, a man of inner freedom who causes only what he thinks causes terrible malice. And they are trying to destroy him. |
| The problem of personality and power | In M. Zamyatin’s novel “We,” the Unified State with its totalitarian power destroyed the personality in everyone: there are no people in the country, but there are “numbers” similar to programmed people. The protagonist of D503, the builder of the integral, at least temporarily finds a soul, experiencing deep feelings for a woman. |
| The problem of inadmissibility of interference in the natural course of things | The protagonist of the novel by M. Bulgakov “Dog Heart” is Professor Preobrazhensky. His experiment is fantastic: create a new person by transplanting a part of the human brain to a dog. As a result of a complex operation, an ugly, primitive creature appears, arrogant and dangerous. A scientist should be responsible for his experiment, see the consequences of his actions, understand the difference between evolutionary changes and revolutionary invasion of life. |
| The problem of the inhumanity and meaninglessness of war | In the story of M. Sholokhov, “Birthmark”, the civil war caused the ataman, who had been absent from his homeland for seven years, killed his only son, Nikolka, without recognizing him in the red commissar. |
| The problem of historical memory (involvement in the course of history ) | In the story of V. Rasputin's “Farewell to Matera”, the feverish actions of people in a hurry to end Matera run up against the indifferent attitude of the villagers towards their past, towards those who lived before them on this earth. “The truth is in the memory. He who has no memory has no life, ”says Rasputin. The main character Daria Pinigina is the embodiment of conscience, national morality. For Daria, the value of the past is important and necessary: \u200b\u200bshe refuses to move from the flood zone, inhabited places, her native village, until they transfer the graves. She cannot allow the blasphemy of soulless aliens. For her, memory is holy. |
| The narrative in the poem "I Am Killed Under Rzhev" by A. Twardowski is conducted on behalf of the murdered nameless soldier who died in the swamps near Rzhev. There was nothing left after him, only a testament to us, the descendants: “I will bequeath to you life”, a testament to be happy, to serve the Fatherland with honor with honor in memory of the “warrior-brother who died in the war”. | |
| NTR and the future | In the book of R. Bradbury "451 ° Fahrenheit" depicts two symbols of the "mechanization" of mankind. The first is a “mechanical dog” - a cyber designed to catch dissident “criminals”. The second is modernized television, a symbol of human indifference, atrophy of the soul and intelligence of the person of the future. People in this technical world have forgotten how to think. And this condition leads to mental discomfort, suicide, bursts of aggression. |
