on the course "Psychology"

on the topic: "Emotions and human feelings"

1. The concept of emotions and feelings and their physiological basis

Feelings play a big role in human life and activity. They enrich his inner world, make his perceptions vivid and meaningful, encourage activity.

Feelings are a person’s experience of his attitude to everything that he cognizes and does what is happening around.

Emotions should be distinguished from feelings, although they appear in indissoluble unity. Emotion is a direct experience (flow) of a feeling. It is impossible, for example, to consider a sense of patriotism, duty, responsibility for a task entrusted as an emotion, although these feelings manifest themselves in the mental life of people as a stream of emotional experiences.

Emotions are inherent in both people and animals. However, human emotions are significantly different from animal emotions. Under the influence of the conditions of social life, a person has changed the nature of emotions, the forms of their manifestation (the ability to control one’s behavior when experiencing emotions, to restrain them) and ways to satisfy those needs that are associated with a particular emotion.

The source of the emergence of emotions and feelings is the objective reality itself, the correspondence or mismatch of objects and phenomena to the needs and goals of the individual. When satisfying a person’s needs, he has a variety of positive emotions and feelings (pleasures, joy, etc.). Conversely, the dissatisfaction of the needs of the individual causes her negative emotions and feelings (hunger, thirst, depression, etc.). Objects and phenomena of the world that are not related to meeting human needs are indifferent to him, not causing emotions and feelings.

The physiological basis of emotions and feelings is the interaction of the cerebral cortex and the subcortex, where centers that regulate the vital activity of the body are represented. The excitation that occurs in the cortex when reflecting the surrounding reality is transmitted to the subcortex, and from there to the autonomic nervous system. This causes certain changes in the human body: in the organs of respiration, digestion, cardiovascular activity. In emotional conditions, the pulse, blood pressure changes, the pupils dilate, there is a sweating reaction, blanching or redness, increased blood flow to the heart, lungs, central nervous system, etc.

So, with a strong fear, a person turns pale, with shame or anger - blushes. In the first case, compression occurs, in the second - the expansion of the blood vessels of the face. With strong excitement, blood pressure increases, the rhythm of the heart changes. In a person experiencing joy, breathing becomes faster and deeper, and in a state of sadness it slows down. Feeling of grief, longing, fear are accompanied by a deterioration in metabolism, the work of the heart and stomach. It is no accident that severe cardiovascular diseases are associated with emotional stress and unpleasant experiences. The leading role in emotions and especially in human feelings is played by the cerebral cortex. As established by I.P. Pavlov, she regulates the flow and expression of emotions and feelings, controls all the phenomena occurring in the body. The cortex has an inhibitory effect on the subcortical centers, controls them. In turn, the subcortex has a positive effect on the cerebral cortex, acting as a source of their strength.

The second signal system plays a particularly important role in controlling emotions and feelings, in their external expression, i.e. the system of conditioned reflex connections that occurs in the cerebral cortex under the influence of the word. Using the word, a person can realize and regulate his feelings, subordinate them to the requirements of duty, influence the feelings and activities of other people. Thanks to the second signaling system, emotions and feelings acquire a social character, possibly their formation.

Emotions and feelings perform signaling, regulatory and expressive functions, which determines their role in human life and activity. The signal function of feelings is expressed in the fact that experiences arise and change in connection with changes in the environment or in the human body. Feelings are a system of signals about what is happening in the world matters to a person. This signaling function of feelings in psychology is called their impressive side.

The regulatory function of feelings is expressed in the fact that they can induce a person to actions and actions, become motives of activity (a sense of duty, responsibility, patriotism, etc.) or interfere with and hinder his activity (negative feelings).

Emotions and feelings of a person are accompanied by expressive movements of the muscles of the face (facial expressions) or muscles of the body, gestures (pantomimics). Expressive movements represent the expressive side of emotions and feelings, and carries out a signal function.

Human feelings contain both stable and variable components. Therefore, they can develop, which allows us to talk about the dynamics of the development of feelings in two ways. Firstly, the dynamics of the experience that arose - joy, anger, sorrow, resentment, etc. Having arisen, the experience begins to increase, reaches its highest point, and then, having outlived itself, fades away. It goes into the phase of a calm, but joyful mood, if the experience was positive, or into the stage of restless, sometimes apathetic health after negative experiences. Secondly, the dynamics of the development of a long, steady feeling. The resulting feeling can be strengthened, gaining more and more intensity. Along with progress in the development of feelings, extinction can also be observed.

2. Classification and characterization of emotions and feelings

Human emotions and feelings are extremely diverse. They can be classified on various grounds. By their role in human activity, they are divided into two groups: stenic - activating activity and asthenic - causing passivity, suppressing, inhibiting life. The complexity and content distinguish between simple, elementary and complex, higher feelings.

Simple or elementary feelings (emotions) are associated with the activity of the first signaling system and arise in connection with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of a person’s organic needs (hunger, thirst, satiety, etc.), as well as under the influence of a direct reflection of the situation (fear, anxiety, fear ) In the emergence of such emotions, instincts, unconditioned reflexes play a large role.

Complicated, or higher, feelings are associated with the conditioned-reflex activity of the cerebral cortex and largely depend on life experience, beliefs and views of a person. They arise in connection with the social and labor activity of a person, his attitude to other people, his duty, with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of spiritual needs, the fulfillment or violation of moral standards. Higher feelings express the spiritual world of a person and reveal his personality. Among them, moral, intellectual, aesthetic and practical feelings are distinguished.

Moral feelings include love for one’s homeland, hatred of its enemies, a sense of duty, honor, dignity, collectivism, goodwill towards people, resentment about social injustice, cruelty, immoral behavior, a sense of camaraderie, friendship, etc. These feelings are based on the worldview , moral and political beliefs and views of man. That is why the same events taking place in our country in the conditions of sharply aggravated political struggle cause some people to be indignant, indignant, internal protest, and others - a sense of solidarity, ownership, support, etc.

Intellectual feelings arise in the process of cognitive activity of a person and are determined by it. They express the attitude of a person to thoughts, both true and false, understandable or incomprehensible, puzzling. These feelings include: curiosity, surprise, bewilderment, clarity and firmness of thought, doubt, sense of new, etc. Usually they stimulate thinking, make a person penetrate deeper into the essence of objects and phenomena.

Aesthetic feelings reflect the aesthetic properties of phenomena. They arise in connection with a person’s experience of his attitude to the beautiful, the sublime or the ugly, unchanging. Aesthetic feelings are evoked by works of art, creations of technology, natural phenomena, household items, actions of other people, advanced ideas and theories. They appear not only on the basis of the direct perception of objects, but also under the influence of their figurative description. Using the word, fiction activates the imaginative perception of reality. Aesthetic assessment, as well as the concept of the beautiful and perfect in life, is given on the basis of the worldview, aesthetic ideals learned by man. Therefore, aesthetic feelings are social and are closely related to moral feelings.

In a complex, diverse human activity, he experiences such experiences that in psychological science are called "practical feelings." They represent a person’s emotional response to the content, conditions and results of their activities and are characterized by varying degrees of intensity of experience: from a little interest to enthusiasm for the activity process. This process, as a rule, causes positive feelings - joy from the activity itself, the skill shown in it, independence, creativity, achieved results, etc. At the same time, negative experiences can arise in work and educational activities - fatigue, tension, depression from monotony the process of work, dissatisfaction with its results, etc. The content and nature of the emerging practical feelings largely depends on the significance for the person of the activity in which he is engaged.

Emotions and feelings of a person can also be classified by strength, duration, depth, effectiveness and form of expression. For this reason, such emotional states of a person as mood, affect, passion, stress and frustration are distinguished.

Mood is a relatively weak, but lasting emotional state of a person, which affects all his mental processes, all his activity. Some moods (joy, enthusiasm, inspiration, etc.) have a positive effect, others (anxiety, indifference, insecurity, depression) - negative. The main factors determining the mood of a particular person are the social system, lifestyle, the degree of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, social security, the relationship of people, their worldview views and beliefs. The reason for the change in mood may be some specific event, pleasant or unpleasant news, success or failure in work, conflict, illness, etc. A great influence on the mood of an individual is exerted by group and collective moods, the socio-psychological atmosphere of the team in which he is engaged in labor or educational activities.

Affect is a short-term, violent emotional reaction. Extreme affect of manifestation is characteristic of affect; it captures a person as a whole. The tremendous power and brightness of affect are combined with the short duration of its course. This is a stormy, explosive, but rapidly passing reaction. Examples of affects are despair, intense anger, panic fear, horror. In the form of affect, joy can also be manifested, a violent expression of enthusiasm in connection with the victory achieved at any sports competition, etc.

Affection is caused by an unexpected or very strong irritant, to which a person cannot immediately adapt. Often this happens as a result of conflict with other people, overwork, prolonged inattention to any request.

The physiological feature of affect is the release of subcortical centers from the deterrent and regulatory influence of the cortex. The “dominance” of the subcortex is revealed in the brightness of the external manifestations of the experienced affect. Such manifestations may be excessive activity, which in this case is out of place, gestures, exclamations, or, conversely, a delay in movement, reaching a daze. A person in a state of affect is often poorly aware of what he is doing. He cannot restrain himself, does not foresee the results of his reaction, is so absorbed in his condition that he does not appreciate what he is doing.

People with unbalanced processes of arousal and inhibition are prone to affects (excitation predominates). However, most often, affects are manifested in people who are rude, cheeky, hysterical, not used to controlling their feelings. Morally educated people who have persistent habits of cultural behavior in society are able to inhibit unwanted affects. Effort of will can prevent the onset of an affective outbreak. The more developed volitional qualities, the less a person gives in to affect or does not allow it at all. Reduce or prevent affect can also be a distraction or switching attention. The psychological meaning of these techniques is to divert attention from the subject of affect, to transfer part of the strong nervous excitement to other parts of the brain.

Passion is a strong, deep, steady and long-lasting experience with a pronounced focus on achieving a goal or object of desire. Passion, aimed at socially important goals, enriches the individual, leads to outstanding achievements, feats. An example of such a passion can be an immense love of science, technology, art, sports, etc. If passion pursues a petty, selfish purpose, it impoverishes and distorts the personality.

It is necessary to distinguish passions from passions that are less stable, transient. They are manifested in the fact that today man is passionately striving for one thing, and tomorrow already for something else. The dominance of the emotional component is typical for enthusiasm, often to the detriment of the intellectual. Hobbies are most often characteristic of people who are able to quickly catch on fire and die out just as quickly, i.e. impulsive, prone to affectation.

Stress is a state of mental stress arising in a person in the process of activity in the most difficult, difficult conditions, both in everyday life and in special circumstances. Stress can have both positive and negative effects on activities. Optimal tension, as a rule, causes a surge of strength, activation of activity, special clarity and clarity of thought, stenic emotions.

In a state of excessive tension, purposeful activity, switching and distribution of attention is difficult to carry out, even general inhibition or complete disorganization of activity can occur. In this state, perception, memory errors, inadequate reactions to unexpected stimuli, etc. are possible. At the same time, skills and habits remain unchanged and can replace conscious actions.

Behavior in a stressful situation largely depends on a person’s personal characteristics: on the ability to quickly assess the situation, on the skills of instant orientation in unexpected circumstances, on strong-willed self-determination, decisiveness, expediency of actions, endurance, etc.

Frustration is an emotional state of a person arising in the presence of real or imaginary insurmountable obstacles on the way to the goal and disorganizing his consciousness and activity. Frustration occurs in situations of conflict when, for example, the satisfaction of a need runs into insurmountable or insurmountable obstacles. In a state of frustration, a person experiences a particularly strong psychological stress. It manifests itself as extreme annoyance, bitterness, aggression, irritation (active form) or disappointment, depression, despair, apathy, complete indifference to the environment (passive form). A high level of frustration leads to disorganization of activity and a decrease in its effectiveness. Frustration is more susceptible to emotional natures, people with increased excitability, lack of developed inhibitory, balancing reactions, not having enough experience to overcome difficulties, poorly prepared for adversity, with insufficiently developed volitional qualities.

We are angry at our colleagues for taking off tasks and putting additional tasks on us ... We feel great joy when we see a clear sky and a bright sun ... We are proud of our children, we love our parents, we are sad for our school years .. All these experiences are emotions and feelings. In psychology, they are always considered as two halves of one whole, as they are interconnected and often complement each other.

The essence of emotions

The definition of this concept is given by practical psychology. A person’s emotions are his inner experiences in relation to a particular person, object, phenomenon or action. They can be colored in positive or negative tones. Usually, they are closely related to the internal needs of the individual, so a psychological state called emotions occurs in a person depending on how well or poorly his needs are met, interests are met. For example, we can feel anger if we are offended, that is, infringe on our "I", go against our desires, because we always wait for praise.

Explain what emotions and feelings in psychology, briefly fails. Since they cover a very wide range of life, activities, human relationships. Only the emotions themselves can be hundreds, each of them painted in new shades, which means it is always characterized differently. For example, pleasure. This feeling is always different: if we get it from work, then it is mixed with pride; if from a hobby, then there is a touch of relaxation and lightness; from communicating with a girlfriend - intimacy and trust. In a word, each emotion always looks in a new way depending on a specific situation.

Feelings: how they differ from emotions

Often these two phenomena are confused. And this is not surprising: they are very similar, often even identical. Despite this, differences still exist. What is the difference between human emotions and feelings? Psychology characterizes the former as a temporary state that arose in the form of a response to events occurring at a given moment. Emotions are situational: if we want to eat, then we experience hunger. But as soon as we have a bite, how need and the emotions associated with it disappear. It all depends on the specific circumstances, time, place and even the company of people.

Feelings, on the contrary, are secondary. They are based on emotions, only their duration is longer. For example, you experience temporary sympathy when meeting a young man. This is emotion. After some time, she transforms and transforms into love, which is already a feeling. It no longer depends on a change in the situation and will accompany us all our lives (or some part of our life's journey). Emotions and feelings in psychology are separated by a fine line; often for a long time we cannot understand what exactly we experience and feel.

Demonstration of emotions and feelings.

So, with the characteristics of these two phenomena, we figured out. Now let's define how emotions and feelings manifest. In psychology, the former are always conscious, but they can also be latent. For example, we are angry with our spouse for not having time to cook dinner. We clearly understand that we are angry, but nevertheless we are hiding our emotion: we do not want to spoil our nerves after a hard working day, we avoid spreading negativity in the presence of children, or we ourselves are guilty for any reason. Adults are used to masking their true feelings so as not to offend, not to disappoint other people, not to lose their trust and so on. As for the manifestation of emotions, we usually do this by screaming, crying, laughing, gesturing or moving. If they are latent, then we give ourselves out as facial expressions or intonation of the voice.

If an individual can easily explain why he is experiencing this or that emotion, then feelings cannot be described in words. Often we ourselves do not understand why we love this or that person. We do not always know how to hide feelings, because they are deep in the heart: we do not influence them, but they affect us. Demonstrate through actions, facial expressions, verbal signs.

The main types

To make it easier to understand the difference between these two concepts, you need to classify them. According to general psychology, emotions and feelings can be positive, negative and neutral. A person manifests them depending on the life situation. For example, positive emotions include joy, pleasure, enthusiasm, bliss, negative ones include fear, sadness, sadness, grief, despair, anxiety, and neutral ones include surprise, indifference, and curiosity. As for feelings, love, happiness, responsibility are positive, hatred and alienation are negative. Neutral is difficult to distinguish, since a person usually takes one side or another, with only one indifference serving as a narrow bridge between them.

In addition, feelings are:

1. Moral or moral. Arise as a relationship of social rules and human behavior. They are social in nature, are positive and negative: patriotism, friendship, contempt, disrespect.
2. Intellectual. Based on cognitive activity. For example, self-satisfaction, disappointment.
3. Aesthetic. The ability to create or perceive the beautiful.

Each feeling and emotion easily pass from one category to another, as they are able to transform and completely change their “color”.

What shapes feelings and emotions

The starting point of human reactions is difficult to determine. Therefore, the reasons why emotions and feelings arose often remain a mystery. In psychology, the pictures shown to different people  during the experiment, they provoke different behaviors. For example, when scientists demonstrate a photograph of fire to experimental participants, scientists see a completely different reaction: in some, the flame causes irritation, in others - fear, and in others - a feeling of warmth. Life experience, acquired knowledge form our attitude to this or that phenomenon. It is clear that if we survived a fire or got a severe burn, then contemplation of fire cannot be associated with anything joyful.

Since feelings and emotions are a social phenomenon, they arise in the process of life. We acquire them by talking with parents, friends, colleagues, reading literature, watching movies. Already in early childhood we are taught what is good and what is bad. And if you do not feel tender feelings for a particular subject, you are considered strange or selfish. For example, back in school, we are driven into the head with a sense of duty and love for the motherland. But if a person does not accept violence and refuses to go to war in order to protect the country from the enemy, he is immediately called not a patriot, a pathetic coward and a traitor.

Inborn feelings and emotions

Not all our sensations are formed under the influence of society, we absorb some of them with mother’s milk. Inborn emotions and feelings in psychology are those that arise in an infant immediately after it is born. There are very few of them, and the border between them and those acquired is quite blurred. Many psychologists say that interest, excitement, joy, surprise, fear, anger, disgust are already in the genes. The rest of the human feelings were taught to him by others like him. But here you can argue. Consider, for example, fright. This is not to say that the baby is immediately afraid of everything. Most likely, he gains this feeling depending on life situations: peals of thunder, barking of a dog, absence of a mother. On the other hand, it is possible that the baby already at birth tends to get scared, just a certain case activates this emotion.

Emotions and feelings fill our life with meaning, paint gray everyday life in bright colors. Of course, I would like to experience only positive feelings. But you must admit that we can’t do without the bad ones either. After all, only after feeling grief and disappointment, we can appreciate love, eagerly drawing pleasure and happiness from it.

Emotion (lat. Emovere - to excite, excite), or feeling, sensory excitement, means the inner emotional experience of satisfying (or not satisfying) the actual needs of the individual. The definition is somewhat vague, although intuitively, based on their own experience, everyone understands quite clearly what it is.

In science, emotions, like thoughts, are categorized as “intangible” experiences. In esoteric concepts, these phenomena are quite material and are included in the concept of the so-called subtle plane, figuratively speaking, “low consciousness”. Emotions are considered "hot", thoughts - "cold." Compared to thoughts, emotions are classified as a denser and hierarchically lower sublayer of the thin plan.

It has been established that the manifestation of certain emotions is associated with irritation of certain structures and parts of the brain and the appearance of certain hormones in the blood. For example, phenylethylamine molecules cause such pleasant sensations as: high spirits, agitation, euphoria; the concept of love is associated with this substance at first sight. Endorphins are responsible for the tenderness; someone has figuratively called them opium for two. The feeling of love usually "lives" only three years; while in the presence of the object of love there are transient increases in the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, prolactin, luliberin and oxytocin.

Emotion Functions

Emotions subtly reflect the state of the body, transforming into an integral form the whole variety of stimuli entering the body both from the outside and from the inside. Incentives act on the receptor apparatus of the known five senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch). It is possible that there is another type of sensitivity that has not yet been studied. The proof of the latter is the facts of perception of objects, excluding the participation of the well-known five senses, as well as the evidence and practice of masters of oriental martial arts who can "see" with eyes closed (under the blindfold). From a scientific point of view, this is still inexplicable, but, nevertheless, the facts are recognized.

Thus, emotions are a product of sensations, a response to changes in physiological processes in the body. The entire complex process of generating emotions proceeds in parallel with the cognitive, i.e. controlled by the mind. From this, the existence of emotional memory becomes clear. Figuratively speaking, emotions are a semi-finished product subject to cognitive processing. It is important to emphasize that emotions, being something like a transmission link between the body and the mind, at the same time become an active participant in the regulation of this interaction. This approach allows a better understanding of the processes underlying behavioral reactions.

In the initial phase of individual development, emotions almost completely control the most important (from the standpoint of the individual) human actions. We can say that in the early stages of emotions determine an autonomously instinctive model of behavior. In any received (educated) experience, the formed connection of sensory experiences (emotions) with local life situations and their mental assessment is fixed. In the future, any analogy with such situations causes an instant emotion, fixed (in the connection formed earlier) in the experience, and in this case the emotions themselves begin to act as guidelines for activities.

Sensory experiences clearly express the significance of factors acting on the individual. They are the criterion and guideline that throughout a person’s life points out to thinking (rational logic devoid of sensory component) on the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the individual’s inclinations, on the correctness or incorrectness of his behavior. For the body, its internal needs and interpersonal communication, emotions play the dominant informational role, acting as a universal and fairly simple mechanism for controlling human behavior.

The ancients rightly regarded emotions as a lower, elementary mind; in Chinese culture, it is called Xin. The Chinese also called the human mind itself “I,” putting the meaning of wisdom in it. They determined the interaction between the mind itself and emotions by the following capacious formula: where the Xin mind is present, there is no place for the mind I. The understanding of emotions as a peculiar form of consciousness is quite justified even now.

In the evolution of individual development, emotions indicate to the mind (and the unconscious) which forms of behavior provide the overall optimal human existence. However, there are options for distorting this idea of \u200b\u200boptimal existence. In particular, there are interesting cases when positive emotions, systematically combined with the satisfaction of needs, later on become themselves a need. We can say that in the psyche there is a “shift” of need to its virtual image; this occurs according to the mechanism of operant conditioning (formation of a conditioned reflex).

As it develops, the mind learns to some extent to manage emotions itself, and therefore human behavior. Moreover, in certain situations, the mind itself is capable of generating emotional outbursts. Thus, it can be argued that the psyche is capable of both perceiving and producing emotions, while addressing its emotional memory.

There is no single unified classification of emotions. Most of the classifications available address certain aspects of sensory experiences.

Emotion Properties

The most important properties of emotions are at least four:

1. the ability to interact with each other;
2. the ability to transfer to another object;
3. generalization of experiences of different situations;
4. dullness during systematic repetition (habituation factor).

Positive and negative emotions

Emotions have polarity and are divided into positive and negative. Positive emotions color life in pleasant colors and signal the correct behavior. Negative emotions are perceived as unpleasant experiences and initiate changes in behavior. These changes are adaptive in nature, in other words, they aim to eliminate the source of physical or psychological danger.

The specificity of negative emotions is determined through certain intellectual actions. For instance:

• fear mobilizes for actions to eliminate danger (flight or attack);
• anger appears when obstacles arise on the way to achieving the goal and serves to awaken the energy required to destroy the obstacle;
• sadness occurs in a situation of loss of a significant object and is accompanied by a decrease in the level of activity;
• contempt supports self-esteem and dominance behavior;
• shyness signals a need for privacy and intimacy;
• guilt arises as a remorse; it is associated with moral and ethical values \u200b\u200band indicates a clear internal conflict of the "I" (self-punishment);
• an implicit consequence is the transition of the individual to a subordinate role in interpersonal relations;
• disgust indicates a desire to isolate oneself from an unacceptable object;
    shame indicates low, contemptuous self-esteem, a possible loss of self-esteem, requires a change in the behavior of the individual.

Lower and higher emotions

In theoretical terms, it is customary to distinguish between lower emotions, or simple (basic, basal, basic) emotions associated with instincts, and higher, or complex, formed as derivatives of lower emotions. Higher emotions carry some kind of rational ethical and moral characterization and are commonly called feelings. In fact, higher emotions are personal formations in which the emotion transformed and divided into shades is associated with the idea of \u200b\u200ba specific image.

The lower emotions usually include fear, anger, sex (eroticism), joy, grief (sadness). All emotions are represented by the polarities of negative and positive. For example: fear - the joy of life, hunger - satiety, cold - warmth, pain - the pleasure of stroking, etc. It is appropriate to distinguish between emotions related and not directly related to bodily organization. The latter category is represented, for example, by polarity: love is hate.

Basic emotions

It is believed that all basic emotions are laid in a person initially, at conception, i.e. they are genetically programmed, and this is certainly true when it comes to emotions associated with bodily organization. Further formation of negative and positive emotions occurs in parallel and unevenly, depending on growth conditions. Negative emotions indicate the presence of certain destructive factors in the life of an individual; their role is especially important in the formation of subconscious complexes. Positive emotions affirm the correct tactics (not strategies!) Of the chosen line of behavior and are an indicator of momentary health and comfortable existence.

In neurophysiological studies on mammals, J. Panksepp reasonably proposed his own structure of basic emotions:

1. interest - desires (expectations),
2. irritability - anger (rage),
3. trepidation - anxiety (fear),
4. loneliness - sadness (distress, panic),
5. pleasures are passions.

The primary emotions experienced by a person already at the time of birth (in addition to emotions associated with bodily organization) are, apparently, negative emotions of fear and hatred and positive emotions of love and joy of existence. Z. Freud associated them with two powerful instincts: death drive (thanatos) and procreation, sexual (libido).

The emotion of fear is known when passing through the birth canal, perceived as a threat to existence. The continuation of fear is hatred. These negative emotions can be considered as forms of vector polarity: the vector of fear is directed at itself, the vector of hatred is at the source of danger. Emotions of fear / hatred are responsible for maintaining the biological existence of a person.

The emotion of the joy of existence arises in parallel with the knowledge of fear as its qualitative duality. The quality duality of hatred is love. Both of these positive emotions should also be considered as forms of vector polarity: the vector of the joy of existence is directed toward itself, the vector of love is the source of this joy. Emotions of fear / hatred and love / joy of existence respond (belong) to the factors of creativity and commitment (will) as the highest given. In many ways, they are known introjectively from the close environment and are clearly recognized as a standard at about three years of age.

K. Izard proposed structuring emotions into fundamental and derivatives. He identified ten fundamental emotions: interest, joy, surprise, sadness (suffering), anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt. Other emotions attributed to derivatives are formed in the course of social development and reflect the sophistication of rational awareness of sensual shades. Here you can list the colors of affection, tenderness, sensual pleasure, fun, mockery, anxiety, anxiety, humiliation, superiority, pride, displeasure, etc.

Fear and anxiety

Fear is the most important feeling, embracing the individual in conditions of an immediate threat to his life; considered as a signal of an immediate exit (flight) from a threatening situation. Starting as a local feeling (fear nested deep down in the soul), as the threat grows, it becomes a generalized emotion that paralyzes the human psyche and behavior. The well-known proverb “Freeze from fear (horror)” describes the state of the atavistic reflex of “paralysis” from fear. This is a fixed behavioral reaction observed, by the way, in many representatives of the animal world, to an overly assessed external danger. It is characterized by an instant stop of all motor activity, respiratory arrest on inspiration and other vegetative manifestations.

The emotion of fear is instinctive and innate. Fear is the basic form from which its derivatives are formed, for example anxiety, excitement, anxiety.

Fear is included as a necessary primary (dual) element in the complex of aggression, which also includes anger and rage; the latter are aimed at the aggressor and are accompanied by the activation of all mental and physiological processes of the individual.

Anxiety - a sensation arising from a possible and implicit danger, a signal of readiness for possible aggressive actions. Anxiety arises as a premonition, a foreboding of danger, where the form, strength and source of danger are unclear. Anxiety has a diffuse nature and is not associated with specific events. Since fear arises as a response to an immediate, clearly understood danger, we can say that anxiety is a fear extracted from memory, projected into an imaginary future. Anxiety has an exciting effect on the psyche and physiology of the individual. A signal for alarm is often not so much an element of danger, not anticipation of danger, but only a reminder of the environment (or even its individual element) of the danger experienced in the past, association with past fears. Actually acting stressors often act as socio-psychological situations in which aggression is expected or just a negative assessment from the environment, i.e. everything that jeopardizes not only security, but also the self-esteem and prestige of the individual. Subjectively, anxiety differs from fear in the manifestation of a negative feeling, its strength and intensity.

IN ordinary life anxiety, and even more so fear, are not frequent “guests” in the human psyche; they arise only periodically in negatively perceived conditions. However, there are individuals who, due to certain external and internal circumstances, perceive the surrounding world for a long time as a hostile object, therefore they have a constant sense of anxiety; anxiety becomes the background experience of such an individual.

Anxiety (fear) - is, in fact, an internal incentive to a certain behavior, and this behavior can often be subjectively approved (reinforced) by external reality (life events). In other words, each time an individual receives confirmation of the correctness of his anxiety (although, we repeat, this can only be an objectively false perception). Thus, a chain arises: cause-effect; such a conditioned reflex reaction, according to the famous law of I. Pavlov, is gradually fixed. For the individual, anxiety (fear) becomes a familiar reaction; the individual is increasingly experiencing mounting anxiety, and he himself may not find the way out of the anxiety state.

On the other hand, quite often, feelings of anxiety can be a symptom of an emerging formidable somatic (bodily) disease; and this should be remembered by the practicing psychologist first.

Anxiety, like any emotion, has a different degree of severity. To determine the level of anxiety, special tests are proposed; a widely adapted Russian version of the test questionnaire, known as the Spielberger – Hanin anxiety test. Anxiety - neologism, implying an individual's tendency to experience anxiety due to the low threshold for the occurrence of an anxiety reaction. Simply put, anxiety indicates the presence of anxiety as a background experience, which signals a dysfunction of the psyche. The term did not introduce anything fundamentally new in understanding anxiety and is still not “legalized” (it is not in the dictionaries). In everyday life, they unreasonably began to replace the natural word “anxiety”. Thus, the phrase “state of anxiety” turns out to be a tautology (because anxiety itself is a condition), and the phrase “low level of anxiety” is generally nonsense. The anxiety test, or rather the level of anxiety, determines two types of anxiety: situational (temporary, arising in connection with a specific situation and specific stimuli) and personal, or background, present as a constant factor in experiencing danger.

Expression and tone of emotions

According to the duration and severity of emotions are very conditionally divided into: actually emotions, mood and passion.

Actually, emotions (feelings) imply an emotional reaction of a person to a particular event in his life; this also includes stable emotional relationships to certain aspects of reality. There is a certain unlawful tendency to attribute simple, shallow and short-term experiences to emotions, and deep and long-term feelings. In serious studies, such a separation is unacceptable due to the absence of any clear criteria for difference: what some people consider to be deep feelings, others will attribute to ordinary emotions.

Mood means a kind of vague dominant tone of emotions (positive or negative). You can safely call it the background, since there is no clearly conscious attachment to certain objects or processes, but there is sufficient stability. It is believed that the mood acts as an integral characteristic of the system of activities of the individual. The main mental states are vigor, euphoria, fatigue, apathy, depression, alienation, loss of a sense of reality. The mood is characterized by a cyclical change (rise and fall of mood). Overly pronounced leaps can indicate mental distress, in particular manic-depressive psychosis.

Emotional response denotes a prompt emotional reaction to current changes in the surrounding reality (saw the gentle sea - admired).

The existing term “emotional tone of sensations” can hardly be considered correct, given that sensations always produce emotions and are subjectively soldered to them.

Emotions always manifest themselves in a characteristic form of behavior for each individual, such as:

• verbal (voice volume and pace of speech, intonation, memorized speech cliches, such as swearing);
• non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions, behavioral cliches, for example, throwing objects, flight, throwing at the offender with fists, etc.).

The degree of manifestation of emotions varies greatly depending on the situation, the temperament of the individual and the ability to control his actions: from extremely restrained and calm - to unbridled. It should be added that the appearance of emotions is simultaneously manifested by physiological reactions: changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, salivation and sweating, tension of individual muscle groups. One form or another of emotions directly depends on the level of the content of certain hormones in the body; what is the primary mechanism (the appearance of emotions or hormones) - the question is still unclear; it is possible that both are secondary.

Separate forms of emotions

The sphere of emotions includes a number of stable, historically established ideas about individual states; here include empathy, empathy, affection, and others.

Sympathy  - the ability of a person to understand other people's experiences; sympathy is always based on one’s own experience of this kind (without having experienced such a thing, never understand the feelings of another).

Empathy  (gr. empatheia - empathy). In this concept, which is close to sympathy, individual psychologists rightly put a slightly different meaning: a person’s ability to involuntarily feel other people's experiences, as their own. In contrast to empathy, empathy always arises as a kind of resonance, and the individual involuntarily, unconsciously shares the mood of another person. At some incomprehensible level, a close parallel emotional response arises in the here and now situation, not tied to past experience. Due to empathy, close emotional contact is established, greater mutual understanding is achieved in interpersonal relationships.

Attachment  - close emotional connection, emotional closeness with another person, for example, with the mother. In the absence or loss of attachment, passivity reactions can develop and mental disorders can occur (hospitalism syndrome in people in the hospital and abandoned by relatives).

Hedonia  (gr. hendone - pleasure) - a concept dating back to the antique (ancient Greek) culture. It indicates a state of fun and pleasure, not only bodily, but also spiritual enjoyment as a principle and meaning of life. The opposite concept - anhedonia - is already referred to as a clinical disorder.

Ataraxia (gr. ataraxia - equanimity) is also the concept of ancient culture, indicating mental balance. In this state, there is a perception of every moment of life in its entirety. Ataraxia was seen as the ideal of life's aspirations; this worldview implied finding true (inner) joy in the very process of perceiving every moment of life. Probably the closest to ataraxia in our understanding is the concept of dispassion.

Catharsis  (gr. katharein - purification) - discharge of accumulated mental stress, subjectively experienced as a strong emotional shock. The difference between catharsis is that it is caused not by real life events, but by their symbolic reflection. This occurs, for example, when entering a different role, getting used to a certain invented image, often literary. Catharsis is used as an end in itself in a number of psychocorrectional methods, for example, in psychoanalysis and psychodrama. It is proved that through a focused study of symbolic conflict situations, an individual can really get rid of painful neurotic symptoms.

Frustration  (lat. frustratio - deception, futile expectation) - a negative mental state that occurs when there are insurmountable obstacles to achieving the goal. As a result, frustration is associated with the inability to meet the desired needs. In such a situation, a person experiences frustration, anxiety, irritability, and finally despair. At the same time, the effectiveness of activities is significantly reduced, up to the possibility of completely abandoning it. Frustration arises as a result above all intrapersonal conflict  ("I want but I can not"). Formally, the obstacle itself can be external, internal, passive and active. In situations that provoke frustration, the individual is faced with a choice where he can manifest himself either as a mature personality or as an infantile one. A mature person exhibits adaptive behavior, for example, in the form of increasing motivation, or increasing the level of activity to achieve the goal, preserving the goal itself, or in the form of a calm rethinking of its worldview and behavior, and finally, temporary abandonment of the goal. Unconstructive behavior inherent in an infantile personality is manifested in aggression directed outward and / or towards oneself. It is also possible to completely avoid resolving this difficult situation with the experience of defeat, emptiness and depression.

The crisis - a concept close to frustration, but distinguished by an intense active search for a way out of a negative situation. The state of crisis is always a situation of stress for an individual. At the same time, all mental and physical forces are mobilized to maintain control over the situation and the ability to overcome obstacles to achieving their goals. Such mobilization is associated with extreme mental stress. As a result of stress, against the background of accentuation of psychological complexes and character traits, as a rule, a more primitive model of emotional response, fixed at the previous stages of life, is manifested. The bottom line is that it is precisely this model that the individual will have to destroy or transform, replacing with a new one that is more adequate in this situation. It is curious that the Chinese concept of crisis consists of two characters: the first means danger, the second means opportunity. Amazingly accurate!

Introduction

Emotions and feelings express our attitude to what we know, to our actions. Knowledge of emotions is necessary for everyone in order to better understand others and themselves. Without understanding yourself, it is impossible to understand another person. Emotions form the main motive force and with their influence they are able to change the way of life, actions and communication. Inability or unwillingness to understand the emotional state of another person leads to psychological incompatibility and often becomes the cause of certain conflicts. The role of emotional impulses is difficult to overestimate. The spiritual world of a person is not determined by the framework of his profession or education. His emotional needs and relationships can be multilateral or narrow, wide, rich or poor, limited. Human consciousness, according to the famous academician V.I. Vernadsky, there is a special force of nature among all others. The socially determined human consciousness is knowledge that can become the property of other members of society. Druzhinin V.E. Psychology of emotions, feelings, will.-M.: SC Sphere, 2003.-C.3 Consciousness is thinking together with someone. To realize is to acquire the potential opportunity to transfer your consciousness to another, moreover, to empathize with him, to cooperate with him. The desire to maintain a positive emotional mood in oneself and others provides health, vitality and happiness. For a favorable, positive “emotional climate”, goodwill and culture are needed.

  Emotions and feelings, their meaning and place in the human psyche

In individual development of a person, feelings play an important socializing role. They act as a significant factor in the formation of personality, especially its motivational sphere. On the basis of positive emotional experiences such as feelings, human needs and interests appear and become fixed. Feelings fulfill a motivating role in a person’s life and activity, in his communication with people around him. In relation to the world around him, a person seeks to act in such a way as to reinforce and strengthen his positive feelings. They are always associated with the work of consciousness, they can be arbitrarily regulated.

Emotions affect the severity of human experiences. In this case, the mood is determined by the emotional reaction not to the mediocre consequences of certain events, but to their significance for a person in the matter of his general life plans. The mood of most people fluctuates between moderate gloom and moderate joy. People are very different in the speed of transition from a joyful mood to a dull and vice versa. Emotions affect the sphere of perception: memory, thinking, imagination. Negative emotions give rise to a feeling of sadness, grief, despondency, envy, anger, moreover, often repeated, they can cause psychogenic skin diseases: eczema, neurodermatitis, secretory and trophic skin changes - hair loss or graying. Acute emotional stress can be manifested by a wide variety of painful sensations — excessive sweating, nausea, loss of appetite in some or a feeling of insatiable hunger, thirst in others. Such functional changes in well-being and activity of internal organs are caused by abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system.

In the long path of human evolution, emotions have always played the role of a means to ensure the most successful and quickest satisfaction of needs. Emotions reflect those relationships that develop with the individual with individual objects of reflection, with other people. The role of emotional phenomena in human life is great, they are directly related to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his needs.

Emotions are human reactions to the effects of internal and external stimuli that have a pronounced subjective color. In contrast to cognitive phenomena (perception, memory, thinking), for which the working "units" of the psyche are images, concepts, ideas, emotions are expressed in the form of human experiences about an object, event, behavior of other people. Emotions and thinking are interconnected and therefore there is a connection between the nature of thoughts that come to mind and mood. So, a pleasant thought that contributes to the solution of any complex problem has a beneficial effect on overall well-being.

Emotional interpersonal relationships have their own specific dynamics. They can reach the greatest tension and gradually fade away or become critically destroyed or resolved. Time itself erases the tragic memory, the suffering suffered is forgotten, past insults and sorrows become less significant. Emotions that turn into affects in the unsuccessful struggle of the rational mind with passions are difficult to properly comprehend. In this case, often neither intellect nor good will are able to normalize a person’s mental balance. Under the influence of emotions, he becomes as if blind in the face of facts, cannot control his actions. Abnormally long affects we can observe in individuals with an epileptoid character trait, congenitally demented, easily aroused from petty trouble for several days.

Often the words "emotion" and "feeling" are used as synonyms. In a narrower sense, emotion is a direct, temporary experience of some more constant feeling. In the exact translation into Russian, “emotion” is emotional excitement, emotional movement. For example, fear or fear as a feeling, i.e. sustainable attitude to certain objects, life situations, can be experienced in emotional processes that differ from each other: sometimes a person flees from terrible things, and sometimes he becomes numb and freezes from fear, and finally, from fear and despair, he can rush towards danger. Repeating, arising more and more often, emotions turn into feelings - emotional feelings are stable.

The ability of a person to restrain his feelings, postponing their manifestation to a more suitable moment, depends on the efficiency of the brain. Some people are rational, others are impulsive. It is wise to develop patience in yourself, learn to restrain your language so as not to aggravate relationships with relatives and friends. A well-built brain is worth more than a well-filled brain.

A warm person always emanates warmth, he is more emotional than a rational, mentally cold person. Mentally cold people can neither sympathize with another's grief, nor rejoice at the success, luck of a loved one.

Feeling of pleasure, pleasant sensations a person always seeks not only to strengthen, but also to repeat. Moreover, he acts unconsciously, impulsively, i.e. his psychological state is undifferentiated. In order to extend the pleasure and make it pleasant, it is necessary to reduce it.

In some forms of neurosis, the patient may also experience a “feeling of loss of feeling”, i.e. painful insensibility, painful emotional devastation, irrevocable loss, the ability to rejoice and suffer. In patients with schizophrenia, for example, perception is not identified with real images and is not projected outward. Patients “hear” the voices that sound in the head, see with the “inner eye”, talk about smells coming from the head, but in reality all this does not exist.

A person often experiences a sense of inferiority, most often it happens in childhood and leaves an imprint on the formation and development of personality. Overcoming feelings of inferiority more harmoniously occurs at a young age, when the body and its nervous system more easily adapt to changes. In old age, especially in old age, attempts to overcompensate are more painful.

Compensation of feelings of inferiority can be useful for an individual and for society, if he is activated in his studies, some hobbies, social life. But it happens that a person tries to find spiritual comfort due to alcohol, smoking, medicinal narcotic substances, etc. This only exacerbates the problems. A person is in the grip of emotion, even if it is not very strong. He is practically defenseless when crying or laughing!

So, emotions can be a direct signal, an assessment, a stimulator of action or inaction, underlie the energy of the individual.

Basic emotional processes and their management

First of all, you need to understand the concepts of emotions and feelings. What is it?

If you look into the psychological dictionary, then emotions are interpreted in it as follows: Emotions (lat.- shake, wave) - a mental reflection in the form of direct partisan experience life meaning  phenomena and situations due to the ratio of their objective properties to the needs of the subject. " Psychology: Dictionary / Ed. ed. A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky. M.: Politizdat, 1990.-S.461

Emotions are a special class of subjective psychological states that reflect in the form of direct experiences a pleasant process and the results of practical activities aimed at satisfying his actual needs. Stolyarenko L.D. The basics of psychology. Textbook.-Rostov n / A .: Phoenix, 2003.- P.233

In addition, emotions - the mental process of impulsive regulation of behavior, based on a sensory reflection of the needs of the significance of external influences, their auspiciousness or harmfulness to the life of the individual. Kamenskaya E.N. Fundamentals of Psychology. Lecture Course. - Rostov n / A: Phoenix, 2003.- p.66

Emotions arose, as C. Darwin argued, in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to satisfy their actual needs.

Emotional feelings biologically in the process of evolution have entrenched as a peculiar way of supporting the life process in its optimal boundaries and warn of the destructive nature of the lack or excess of any factors.

The oldest in form, the simplest and most common form of emotional experiences among living beings is the pleasure received from satisfying organic needs, and the displeasure associated with the inability to do this when the corresponding need is exacerbated.

In addition, the class of emotions includes moods, feelings, affects, passions, stresses. These are the so-called "pure" emotions. They are included in all mental processes and conditions of a person. Any manifestations of his activity are accompanied by emotional experiences. Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook .: In the book. Book 1. General principles of psychology.-M.: Humanite. ed. Center VLADOS, 1997.- P.436

In humans, the main function of emotions is that, thanks to emotions, we better understand each other, can, without using speech, judge each other's states and better adapt to joint activities and communication.

Emotions and feelings anticipate a process aimed at satisfying a need, have an ideational character and are, as it were, at the beginning of it. Emotions and feelings express the meaning of the situation for a person from the point of view of the current need at the moment, the value for its satisfaction of the upcoming action or activity. Emotions can be triggered by both real and imaginary situations. They, like feelings, are perceived by a person as his own internal experiences, communicate, i.e. transmitted to other people, empathize.

Feelings are even more than emotions, stable mental states that have a clearly expressed objective nature, they express a steady attitude to any objects (real or imagined).

Emotions and feelings are personality formations. They characterize a person socially and psychologically. Emphasizing the self-personal significance of emotional processes, V.K. Vilyunas writes: “An emotional event can cause the formation of new emotional relationships to various circumstances ... The subject of love-hate is everything that is recognized by the subject as the cause of pleasure-displeasure.” Vilyunas V.K. Main problems psychological theory  emotions // Psychology of emotions. -C.9 Emotions are able to anticipate situations and events that have not really occurred yet, and arise in connection with ideas about previously experienced or imagined situations. Feelings are objective in nature, associated with the idea or idea of \u200b\u200ba certain object. Another feature of the senses is that they are perfected and, developing, form a number of levels, ranging from immediate feelings to higher sensations related to spiritual values \u200b\u200band ideals.

Mood is the longest emotional state that colors all human behavior.

Emotions perform the evaluation function, being a kind of system of signals through which the subject learns about the significance of what is happening. Anokhin P.K. The theory of a functional system as a prerequisite for the construction of physiological cybernetics // Biological aspects of cybernetics / Ch. ed. A.M. Kuzin.M .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. P. 74-91 14 Emotions perform the following main functions:

Signal, which is expressed in the fact that experiences arise and change in connection with ongoing changes in the environment or in the human body;

Regulatory, which is expressed in the fact that persistent experiences guide a person’s behavior, support him, make him overcome obstacles encountered.

Emotions are classified for various reasons:

1. according to the impact on the activity - stenic - increasing the productivity of the activity and asthenic - reducing the results of the activity. Emotional states that have arisen in the process of activity can increase or decrease the vital activity of a person. The first are called stenic, the second - asthenic. The emergence and manifestation of emotions, feelings is associated with the complex complex work of the cortex, the subcortex of the brain and the autonomic nervous system that regulates the functioning of internal organs. This determines the close relationship of emotions and feelings with the activity of the heart, respiration, with changes in the activity of skeletal muscles (pantomime) and facial muscles (facial expressions). Special experiments found deep in the brain, in the limbic system, the existence of centers of positive and negative emotions, called centers of "pleasure of paradise" and "suffering, hell."

2. by the severity of the signal function - negative, positive, ambivalent (simultaneously containing negative and positive experiences, for example, love and hate);

4. according to the intensity of emotional manifestations - emotional balance, emotional impulsiveness, emotional lability (quick change of some emotions by others);

5. in the form of manifestation - mood, affect, stress, passion.

S.L. Rubinstein believed that three areas can be distinguished in the emotional manifestations of a person: her organic life, her interests of the material order and her spiritual, moral needs. He designated them accordingly as organic (affective-emotional) sensitivity, objective feelings and generalized worldview feelings. Rubinstein S.L., Man and the World. M., 1976

Affective and emotional sensitivities include, in his opinion, elementary pleasures and displeasures, mainly related to the satisfaction of organic needs.

Objective feelings are associated with the possession of certain objects and occupations by certain types of activity. These feelings, according to their subjects, are divided into material, intellectual and aesthetic. They are manifested in admiration for certain objects, people and activities and in aversion to others.

Worldview feelings are associated with morality and human relations to the world, social events, moral categories and values.

Every day in the life of people, all kinds of events occur that cause a different emotional response in the soul of a person. The reaction to what is happening can show a person’s inner world, expose his problems or confirm achievements.

Human emotions and feelings play a decisive role in social adaptation. Satisfaction depends on the ability to experience certain feelings. own life. Another important problem is the inability to distinguish feelings from emotions and vice versa. Often people confuse emotional sympathy with a feeling of love, because of this there are certain inconveniences and even problems.

First of all, emotions are a consequence of brain activity. Emotions are short-term impulsive manifestations of the attitude to what is happening around in the form of pleasure and discontent, we can say that these are specific sensations from the influence of external stimuli.

Emotions are a kind of base for psychological phenomena, they reflect the subjective side. Their role is to create motivation for individual behavior, informing others about physical and psychological state  with the help of behavior and reflection of emotions on the face, as well as emotions, they can cause a protective reaction in life-threatening situations.

Some psychologists believe that fear, joy, anger are attributed to the main types, other emotions are derived from them. In addition to these varieties, others include emotions, excitement, interest, surprise, resentment, rage, embarrassment, and pity.

In addition, they can be divided into two conditional groups. The first group of stenic emotions is caused by the emergence of positive sensations that encourage the commission of active actions and the waste of a large amount of energy. The opposite group is represented by asthenic emotions, which are manifested in the rejection of contact with the outside world, passivity, apathy and sadness.

Feelings are a persistent, deep, emotional attitude to external factors. Unlike emotions, feelings are created over time, last a long period, undergo minor changes over time, are brought up, but they consist of emotions.

They represent a peculiar result of cultural, social and emotional development. It is very difficult to single out the most important and important feelings for one simple reason - each person has a need to experience different feelings and each of them is important for a busy life.

Feelings and emotions are complex experiences, therefore it is assumed that they have different factors affecting their strength, speed of occurrence and duration. Depending on the events that occur, they can occur suddenly or gradually, as, for example, anger can erupt spontaneously or mature before a certain point.

In some cases, it is not possible to determine the moment of occurrence or the duration of an emotion. The strength of the experience can also vary in severity.

The expression of the experienced feelings and emotions is necessary for a full life of people. Failure to experience emotions poses serious challenges. This can manifest itself both as a physical ailment and as a mental illness.

Without emotional unloading, a person loses the taste of life, in the end it becomes like an insensitive machine. Such a person has a hard time communicating with his own kind, but to others he seems strange, unattractive for communication. Especially difficult situations  this can lead to complete seclusion.

Similar problems can and should be solved. There are many possibilities for these purposes. Starting from visiting a qualified psychologist and ending with breathing practices. Everyone will be able to find the best option for themselves and return to an interesting life.

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