Verbal prefixes in the Russian language list. The meaning of prefixes
Prefixes in the Russian language are most often used for word production of verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
To form different forms of the same word, prefixes are used less actively than suffixes. Nevertheless, they can also be formative: to do - to do, to turn pale - to turn pale, to go blind - to go blind.
Russian language prefixes can join the words of different parts of speech. Attachments are not characteristic of being attached to certain parts of speech in connection with a large degree of abstraction and universality of the meanings expressed by them. So, the prefix coexpressing the meaning of "compatibility" is possible in nouns co-partner, co-participant; verbs co-exist, co-experienceadjectives co-sonorous, co-ultimate and etc.
Attaching prefixes to the basics of different words does not fundamentally change their meaning. Prefixes give this meaning new meaningful shades. So verbs to run, to runessentially mean the same action as the verb to run.
Prefixes show only a different direction of this action. Adverb pre-great and adjective pre-pretty denote the same signs as the words fine and prettybut prefix pre-gives the value of these attributes a hue of the highest degree of quality.
There are several dozen prefixes in the Russian language.
Most of the prefixes in the Russian language have meanings similar to those mentioned. Therefore, prefixes are attached mainly to words denoting actions (verbs) and signs (adjectives and adverbs). For these parts of speech, it is important to determine the direction of the action, the time of its course, measure or degree of sign. For nouns, connection with prefixes is not so characteristic, although words formed by joining the prefix are not uncommon among nouns: particle - antiparticle, section - subsection, express - superexpressetc. However, the number of such words (compared with nouns that do not include prefixes) is not so great. In nouns, as well as in adjectives, adverbs and verbs, prefixes often make additional indications of measure, degree (rogue - archiplut, cup - super bowl) or indications of a temporary nature ( language - proto-language, memory - great memory, history - prehistory, man - subhuman).
The isolation of prefixes as part of a word is supported by another feature. They may have a side stress in the composition of the word ( anti-democratic, anti-air, anti-fire, co-tenant, intracellular, anti-neutral) The presence of special emphasis and structural independence in the composition of the word lead to the fact that the positional changes of vowels, which apply to all morphemes of the word, may not affect prefixes. For example, the prefix with the meaning of compatibility in unstressed syllables of a word can save [ about] without undergoing reduction and without changing in [ b] or [ but]: co-tenant, co-guardian, co-directors.
The universality of the meaning of prefixes, the proximity of their semantics to the semantics of particles and adverbs, their structural independence in the composition of the word lead to the fact that prefixes in their mass are very productive morphemes. Their use is less regulated by restrictions related to the semantics of the framework.
The main value of most consoles is to indicate the direction or nature of the action: atwalk - youto walk atwalk - atto walk underwalk - fromto walk; behindsing, atopen, underwater, onearthly. Prefix without- indicates the absence of what is indicated by the root: withoutland, demonhelper demonnoisy, and the prefix not-, joining the word, gives it the opposite meaning: notbuddy (enemy) notfunny (sad). In very rare cases, prefixes have a purely grammatical meaning and are used to form word forms.
The same prefix can be used in different meanings; e.g. prefix behind- indicates: 1) the spread of action beyond a certain limit ( behindflew over the line), 2) to bring the action to an extreme degree ( behindfeed, behindpraise), 3) on the associated action ( behindgo to a friend), 4) at the beginning of the action ( behindsing, behindto dance) and others.
Some prefixes are found in a large number of words and are easily used to form new words, for example: in-, on, behind-; others are found in relatively few words and are hardly used to produce new words, for example: pa- (pavodka pason, padaughter-in-law) great (greatgrandfather, greatgrandmother), su- (sousdarkness , sousclay) and others.
Prefixes of nouns
In the morphological composition and word formation of nouns, prefixes play a much smaller role than suffixes. In some cases, nouns with prefixes clearly reveal their origin from verb stems with the same prefixes (as well as from the basics of adjectives). But some types of prefixes are typical for nouns, although some of them are homogeneous with the formations of adjectives and verbs. Prefix not- It is part of a number of nouns, partly uncommon without this prefix: unheard, disbelief, dislike, part of existing independently: enemy, foe, bad weather, misfortune, bondage.
Prefix o- (about-)in verbal formations it is used to denote the remnants after some action, usually something spoiled, depreciated as a result of the action: remnant, cigarette butt, faint, cast-off, scrap, sawdust etc.
Prefix between-, not used with verbs, means the space between two identical objects: interfluve, aisle, interbetween.
Prefix re- calls an object surrounded by a foreign environment, sometimes being a connecting link or a boundary between the main parts of an object: isthmus, coppice, nose bridge.
Prefix about matters close to the prefix re- and similar to the verb prefix pro denoting movement inward and through: vein, layer, wall, country side.
Prefix behind- indicates the position on the other side of the subject: district, sunbath, swamp, castle and etc.
Prefix pre- indicates the position in front of the subject: fishery, foothill, forearm, thunderstorm, pre-winter.
Prefix at indicates the proximity of an object: primorye, suburb, pendant, pripek.
Prefix under- indicates being below an item: chin, undergrowth, window sill, stretcher, foot, etc.
Prefix by- Means the terrain located on the surface and within something: coast, Volga region, Dnieper and etc.
I'm interested in the prefix PO for verbs. I don’t know in what cases they say "go", and in which - "go"; talk - talk; eat - eat; sit - sit, etc.
The prefix PO- for unidirectional verbs of movement indicates the beginning of movement: Tomorrow we will go to the museum. We were in the theater, then went to the cafe.
The meaning of the onset of movement manifests itself very clearly when, for example, a young mother says: " My baby went"(i.e., started walking).
When joining unidirectional verbs of movement, the prefix PO- means a) non-directional movement, limited in duration: I want to travel around the country. Let's take a little swim!b) bidirectional movement limited by the number of repetitions: I want to be like the performances of this director.
Verbs with the prefix PO are formed from imperfective verbs ( talk, walk, walk, read, play etc.) and indicate limited action by a short period of time (restrictive verb action).
More on this: "A book on grammar: Russian as a foreign language" / ed. A.V. Velichko; as well as in the manual “We study verbal prefixes” by A. N. Barykina, V. V. Dobrovolskaya.
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One of the most difficult grammar topics for foreigners is the famous verbs of movement. All of their many can be divided into two large ...
In this article, we will consider the functions of consoles in combination with verbs of movement. Verbs of movement in themselves are not a simple topic, and a large number of prefixes complicates it even more. But you should always remember that the language is logical, and everything in it has its own meaning. If you have not yet learned all pairs of verbs of movement and have not practiced them automatically, then it is better to analyze the topic "prefixes + verb of movement" on one or two verbs.
So, let’s look at how prefixes change the meaning of verbs. In the description we use the word "object". It can be anything that somehow participates in our movement or is its witness: a house, a mountain, a bridge and so on.
Prefix AT-, IN- means:
movement inside an object or movement up (with certain verbs).
The student entered the class (the verb "go")
The tractor drove up the mountain (the verb "go")
Prefix OT- (Sun-, WZO-) means moving up.
We must climb this mountain (the verb "go")
Prefix YOU- means:
movement from inside the object;
absence (provided that the subject will soon return back);
departure (provided that we know the departure time).
The student left the class (the verb "go")
The man went out to smoke (the verb "go")
We leave in ten minutes (the verb "go")
Prefix At- means achieving the goal.
We arrived at sea (the verb "go")
Prefix Missile defense- means:
through movement;
moving past something;
quantitative result of the movement.
To get to the market, you need to go two blocks (the verb "go")
Don't pass by (the verb "go")
In a day we walked over twenty kilometers (the verb go)
Prefix PERE- means moving from one place to another. And also a perfect short action that describes the movement.
He crossed the bridge (from one coast to another) (the verb "go")
Prefix BY- means the beginning of the movement or the intention to make a movement in the future.
In the morning I wake up and go to work (the verb "go")
In the summer we will go to the sea (the verb "go")
It’s good to go outdoors before going to bed. (the verb "walk")
The prefix U- means removal for a rather long time, for a long time.
I'm tired of the party and I went home (the verb "go")
Prefix UNDER- (PODO-) means approaching (provided that a small distance is covered)
The guy approached the girl and invited to dance (the verb "go")
Prefix FROM- (General relativity-) means removal (provided that a small distance is covered).
When it started to rain, we walked under a tree (the verb "go")
Prefix BEFORE- means moving to a specific place.
There was a severe thunderstorm, I somehow got to the house (the verb "go").
Prefix BEHIND- means:
the movement due to which the subject is behind something (behind something);
traffic with a stop;
moving to some place for a short while.
He went around the corner and realized that he was lost (the verb "go")
On the way home I went to the store and bought bread (the verb "go")
Come visit us (the verb "walk")
Prefix ABOUT- (ABOUT-, OBO-) means:
movement around;
motion covering the entire object;
He walked around the house looking for keys. (the verb "go")
During the walk we went around the whole park (the verb "go")
Prefix FROM- (With-) means:
downward movement. Used in conjunction with the endings -СЯ, -С;
perfect round trip.
In the evening we left the hill (the verb "go")
I went to the store for milk (the verb "walk")
Prefix TIME- (RAS-, RAZO -) means moving in different directions. Used in conjunction with the endings -SY, -S.
It's late, time to go home (the verb "walk").
In Russian, verbs are formed mainly in the prefixal way. There are 26 verbal prefixes in Russian. The same prefix can appear in several phonetic versions. For example, the prefix o- (ob-, ob-): color, bypass, bypass.
Each verb prefix has several meanings. For example, the prefix has 9 values. Here are some of them: 1) movement through an object (jump over a puddle); 2) repeated action (re-read the book again); 3) dividing an object into parts (sawing a log in half); 4) excessive completeness of action (oversalt food); 5) the extension of the action to all subjects (re-read all books); 6) mutual action (with the postfix sya-) (correspond with parents); 7) achievement of victory, gain (outsmart everyone).
Some prefixes, joining the verb, do not introduce additional shades of the meaning of the word, but change the imperfect form of the verb to perfect: do - do, bake - bake, write - write.
Prefixed verbs are often used in a figurative sense: to enter a position, to suffer an illness, to look around, to retire.
Verbs with the prefix in / in
Verbs with the prefix b- have the following meanings:
6. Inward movement: enter, enter, deposit, enter, paste, break in, etc.
7. upward movement: climb (onto a tree), drag it (up the stairs);
8. deepening into action (verbs of perception): to listen, ponder, peer.
Verb compatibility:
Verb + в + В.п.: enter the house, intervene in the conversation, bring the furniture into the room, listen to the conversation, carefully look at the photograph;
Verb + to + V.p.: climb a tree, drive up a mountain, bring a suitcase to the fifth floor.
Portable use:
To enter / go down in history, in tradition, in habit, in position, in the course of things
Mislead / mislead
Contribute / Contribute
Invest / invest in meaning, knowledge, strength
Exercises
- Read. Determine the meaning of the prefix in - in verbs. Find cases of using verbs with the prefix in-in a figurative meaning.
1) We have in aboutwent into tradition once every 5 years echat with one aboutgraders. 2) It is difficult to drive a nail db into a concrete wall. 3) The boys hardly rode uphill on bicycles. 4) M aboutthe chief brought the specialist up to date, and colleagues helped aboutgali advice. 5) The opera must be perceived, listening to every sound. 6) From aboutsinging turned on in mid-October.
2. Read by inserting the desired verbs. Define the meaning of the prefix in these verbs.
1) A young family .... to a new apartment. 2) Children should not ... in adult conversations. 3) The girl felt sorry for the kitten and ... him into the house. 4) Grandma ... framed photograph of her granddaughter. 5) It is necessary ... TV: now they will broadcast the latest news. 6) The teacher ... in the position of a student and allowed him to pass the exam ahead of schedule. 7) The name of Yuri Gagarin entered the history of astronautics.
For information: enter / enter, enter / enter, intervene / intervene, insert / insert, admit / admit, enable / disable
3. Think of situations when you can use expressions mislead, contribute, become a habit.
Verbs with the prefix you
Key Values:
1. movement from the inside: take out of the house, throw it out (garbage), let it out (bird from the cage), pour it out (sugar from the bag);
2. exhaustion of action: cry, listen, sleep, show up.
Compatibility:
Verb + from + R.p .: exit the store, move out of the apartment;
The verb + in, on + V.p .: run out into the street, leave Minsk to Moscow;
Verb + V.p. + from + R.p .: write words from the text, pull hands out of pockets;
Verb + on + P.p., Verb + c + T.p .: to speak at a conference, at a meeting, to make a report, a speech, and a proposal.
Portable use
Get out / go out of print (about the book), get out / go out of the screens (about the movie)
Fail / fail (deteriorate, need repair)
To endure / endure heat, cold, difficulties, overloads
Look good, bad, sick, tired
Get married
Get out / get out of yourself
Exercises
1. Read. Determine the meaning of the prefix you in the verbs.
1) The Tretyakov Gallery exhibited works by famous artists. 2) Students dream of a good night's sleep after the session. 3) During the defense of the thesis, students should give a small message about their research. 4) When leaving, turn off the light. 5) A textbook on word formation will soon be published. 6) After the summer holidays, everyone looked happy, tanned, rested. 7) The washing machine is out of order - you need to call the master. 8) How much grief people suffered during the war: hunger, cold, suffering and death of loved ones. 9) When you read a new text, write out unfamiliar words and check their meaning in the dictionary. 10) You look very bad - do not go outside and call a doctor at home. 11) When you are talking, pull your hands out of your pockets.
2.Read the phrases. Pick the opposite in meaning to them. In verbs, indicate prefixes. Determine the meaning of prefixes.
Sample: fit into the hatch - howled ehatch
BB aboutto introduce currency into the country - ..., let the spectators into the hall - ..., wb ereap in the audience - ..., Tue butshield the suitcase in the compartment - ..., pour water into the kettle - ..., pour sugar into the sugar bowl - ..., turn on the vacuum cleaner - ..., drive into the garage - ..., vk butthread to aboutcaress the porch of the house - ....
Explain the spelling of the selected letters.
3.Read it by inserting the appropriate prefixes.
1) You can’t drive this car: it ... went out of order. 2) This film ... went on the screens a year ago and ... right away ... was among the most popular movies. 3) First you need to get an education, and then ... to get married. 4) A sensitive person is one who ... goes into the position of other people, a resourceful person is one who knows how to ... get out of a difficult situation. 5) Every morning I ... go out of the house at eight o’clock, and at half past eight already ... I go to the university building. 6) We ... breathe oxygen, and ... breathe carbon dioxide. 7) When the shower poured, passers-by ... ran to the shops, underpasses to hide from the rain, but still ... got wet.
Write out sentences in which verbs are used in a figurative meaning.
Verbs with prefix vz- / vs-
Key Values:
1. climb up: fly up into the sky, fly up, float to the surface of the water;
2. violation of the state: to explode, boil, dig, beat.
Compatibility:
Verb + to + V.p. : run up to the second floor, climb the mountain, fly into the sky;
Verb + V.p .: boil tea, loosen the earth, dig up a bed, whip the cream.
Portable use
To rise / rise (about crops, about the sun). Rye began to rise. The sun will rise soon.
Float / Float. At the end of the meeting, another question suddenly surfaced.
Exercises
1. Read. Insert the prefixes in-, you-, vz- / vs-.
1) In early spring we ... dug beds, ... planted tulip bulbs in the ground. Very soon, our tulips .. went. They ... fired green arrows. Then from the buds ... peeped sharp red petals. If you look carefully .. look at these flowers, you will see how many fresh charms are in them.
2) ... the sun was going. ... a bee flew for honey. And here the first butterfly appeared. She ... fluttered over the flower and began to drink sweet juice. .. industrious ants ran to work.
Explain the meaning of prefixes.
2. Complete the sentences using the words from the brackets.
1) The work of sappers is very dangerous, because ... (explode / explode).
2) Today we will bake a cake, help me ... .. (whip / whip).
3) The instructions say that before using this medicine ... (shake / shake) /
4) To make tea, you must first ... (boil).
Verbs with the prefix
Key Values:
- bringing the action to the end, to a certain border: drive (home), add (letter);
- achievement of the result, despite the difficulties: to get through, agree, wait, think out;
Compatibility:
Verb + to + R.p .: beforelive before old age beforeto sail before coast;
Verb + V.p. + to + R.p .: beforelisten to the song before the middle beforeread a book before the end;
Verb + V.p .: beforecall for sya children beforewake up sya son (with difficulty);
Verb + D.p. (+ to + D.p .; + to + R.p.): beforeto call sya to a friend to to a friend before girlfriends;
Verb + c + T.p. (o + p.p.) beforetalk with girlfriend about meeting beforeto guess xia aboutreason (why?)
Portable use
Reach / reach, bring / bring, convey / convey to the viewer, reader.
To bring to the end
Exercises
- Read. Select the prefixes in the verbs, determine their meaning.
1) You will never guess who came to us! 2) The spacecraft flew to the moon. 3) The children were so carried away by the game that the mother did not get to dinner them. 4) My hands do not reach me to write you a letter. 5) The director managed to convey to the audience the idea of \u200b\u200bthe all-conquering power of love. 6) The young man helped a neighbor bring a heavy bag to the apartment. 7) Children could not wait for the New Year. 8) It is amazing how birds manage to fly to the other shore without rest. 9) We were in such a hurry that we didn’t even finish the tea.
2. Rebuild the sentences using verbs with the prefix do- formed from selected verbs.
1) My grandfather lived very long time and died at 96 years old. 2) I told you all evening yesterday calledbut no one answered. 3) To university I going exactly 30 minutes. 4) Mother for a long time woke up son, but he did not want to wake up. 5) You still need work over this essay. 6) I still can’t donate this book to the library, because I’m still continuing to read her.
3. Make sentences using expressions: to finish, reach with difficulty, run to the finish line, wait for the meeting.
Verbs with the prefix
Key Values:
- moving deep into or behind an object: go around the corner of the house, throw the ball into the net, put your hands in your pockets;
- passing action: enter the store on the way, call for another;
- spreading the action on the entire surface: sew up a hole, splatter clothes with paint, plant a plot of flowers;
- excessive action: to stay away, to read out until the morning;
- beginning of action: cry, scream, blossom
- committing an action in advance: purchase products, plan a trip;
- completion of the action: write down the phone, fry the meat;
Compatibility:
Verb + for + V.p .: abandon the fence, go behind the tree;
Verb + V.p. + T.p .: fill the ground with snow, populate the house with tenants
Portable use:
Start / Start Watch, car, motor, dog, fish
To set in / set (about the sun)
Throw / abandon studies, classes, sports, work
Exercises
- Read. Define the meaning of prefixes in verbs with prefixes.
1) The first artificial earth satellite was launched in 1957 in the Soviet Union. 2) The writer intended to write a historical novel about the war of 1812. 3) Come to me at least for a while to arrange a trip. 4) I like to watch the sun rise and set. 5) If you have a dog, it becomes a member of your family. 6) He successfully completed his third year, but then suddenly abandoned classes. 9) During the night, snow covered the ground and the roofs of houses. 10) Figure skating so captured the children that in the yard they themselves flooded the rink. When the water froze, they began to skate. 11) Having heard the steps of the owner, the dog jumped and barked joyfully.
2. Read by inserting the appropriate prefixes.
1) All guests ... cm aboutrubbed on the beautiful bride ... admired her white wedding attire. 2) From fear to aboutcalf ... climbed onto the roof and couldn’t sto be with her. 3) The travelers decided ... n aboutchew in l esous. 4) Thrifty squirrels ... prepared for the winter dry mushrooms, berries, nuts.
4) In spring eka spilled and then aboutsaw coastal meadows. 5) On the way to the university, I ... followed a friend and we went together. 6) Volleyball player threw the ball into the net. 7) The sun ... hl i amzero out the window, on the floor ... bunnies were jumping. 8) We ... led a cat, but we also want ... to lead fish. 9) When ... col elilac melts, throughout the city its weak dcue aroma. 10) Everything is expensive wellki and paths ... chalk m etel.
Explain the spelling of the selected letters.
Task 1. Read the sentences, pay attention to the words-distributors of prefixed verbs of movement.
B- / VO- /: the movement of the subject or the movement of the object inside any room or closed territory, the intersection of the border of two spaces;
1. I opened the gate and went into the yard, a dog ran after me. 2. Workers brought in a box "from the yard to the warehouse. 3. At midnight, our car drove into the city. 4. The secretary entered the director of the institute. 5. The truck drove into the construction site and stopped.
YOU- - movement from the inside / antonym to verbs with a prefix AT-/
- short-term absence;
Departure to somewhere / the time of poisoning is indicated, the circumstances of the beginning of the movement are given, urgency is sometimes emphasized /;
Unexpected for the subject of movement, arrival at any place, its appearance in open space, movement to a landmark.
1. Football players ran out of the gym on the field. 2. Snow on the streets was removed and taken out of town. 3. The ship left the port in the open sea. 4. The director came out, please call back in twenty minutes. 5. I left the department during your report and did not hear the last part of it. 6. We left Moscow at 11 am and at three o'clock were already in Suzdal. 7. The ambulance has already left, wait! 8 We wandered around the old city all day, got lost and unexpectedly went to the hotel in the evening. 9. Go straight along that street and exit to the metro. 10. The speaker went to the podium and began his speech, 11. The student drank to the board and began to solve the problem.
Task 2. Invent cues corresponding to these situations, use verbs of movement with the prefix B- in the necessary form.
Sample: A late student without teacher permission takes his place in the classroom. What will the teacher tell him? - Why did you come in? atclass without permission?
1. They call, you open the door and see your friends. How do you invite them to the apartment? 2. Your daughter is preparing for exams in her room. What do you say to her younger brother who wants to open the door there? 3. The lesson has begun. What request will a late student contact the teacher? 4. Your husband forgot the keys to the apartment. How will he explain why he was waiting for you near the house? 5. What is the response in response to a knock on the door?
Task 3. Write out the verbs of motion with the prefix YO-with dependent words from the text. Using the written phrases, retell the text by changing the time and type of verbs.
In the morning I go out into the yard and start doing exercises. It’s too early, but the children of our neighbors are running out into the yard. The younger ones take out their toy cars. The eldest son takes his motorcycle out of the garage, sits on it and drives out the gate. Younger brothers run out to them with their toys. I enter the house. Our neighbor comes out to meet me. She takes out a carpet to clean it on the street. I have breakfast at home and in half an hour I go to work.
Task 4. Ask questions in the following situations, use verbs with the prefix YO-.
1.You are on the bus. Your stop is next. What do you ask the people in front of you?
2. You are in a hurry. What are you asking passengers who are slowly getting out of the trolley bus?
3.You ride the subway with your friend. Your friend knows the way. Ask when your stop will be?
4. You do not know the lodge well and asked a neighbor on the bus to warn you when your stop will be. How will he do it?
5. The bus gives way to the woman, but she refuses, as her next stop. How will she say this?
Task 5. Insert instead of points the verbs GO-GO, RIDE-RIDE and CARRY-CARRY with the prefixes B- or YO-; determine the time and type of the verb by context.
1. I heard the door slam: someone ... atstaircase.
2. Motorcade ... outside the city.
3. In the surge of the train they lit a light: the train ... into the tunnel.
4. When out of the room ... extra furniture, it became more spacious.
5. The door to the father’s office opened, and into the corridor ... father.
6. Paul opened the door of the apartment with the keys and we ... in a small corridor.
7. Children every summer ... to the cottage or to the pioneer camps.
8. We bought tickets at the box office and ... in the lobby of the cinema.
9. Are you ... at the next stop?
Task 6. Read the sentences, note that the verbs of movement with the prefix YO- can have the meaning of the beginning of movement or emphasize the need to urgently go somewhere.
1. We left at dawn.
2. Already eight, we need to go out, otherwise we can be late for classes.
3. Having received a telegram about his mother’s illness, he immediately flew to Moscow.
4. On Wednesday, competitions begin, our team has already flown to Kiev.
5. The ambulance immediately drove to the scene.
6. Sonia opened a telegram and read: I’m leaving today, meet, mother.
7. In my opinion, we left the bar early: another two hours to the train.
Task 7. In the following sentences, replace the verbset off a suitable verb of movement with the prefix YO-.
1. Hello! Nina, is that you? We leave after 5 minutes, pack up soon and wait for us!
2. What time do you go tomorrow to the house so that I can meet you at the metro?
3. Olya always leaves home early and calls her friend in her car.
4. Are you leaving at 7 o’clock? So early? Will you leave, call me!
5. Buses leave the garage at 6 in the morning.
Task 8. Express your opinion in the following situations: / in replicas use the following expressions: I think; unlikely; I'm afraid that ...: I doubt that ... /
Sample: - Just called Kostya. It comes out in 15 minutes.
Comes out in 15 minutes? I think he won’t come out in 15 minutes,
1. Yesterday there was a telegram from my father. His business trip ends, he flies out through two bottoms.
2. In the morning Petrov called. He finished business in Kiev and drives home in the evening.
3. Just came the head of our delegation. We leave for Finland in three days.
4. Now Jura called. He already had breakfast and in five minutes leaves.
Task 9. Read the sentences. Pay attention to the possibility of using the verb movement with the prefix YO- in the meaningto arrive somewhere be somewhere.
1. We went along the path and soon went to the river.
3. The entertainer entered the stage and announced the next number.
4. Come to six o’clock, I’ll go out to meet you.
5. We walked along a narrow street and suddenly came to a wide area.
6. A new speaker came to the podium, and five minutes later half of the audience was dozing, so monotonously and listlessly he spoke.
Task 10, Make sentences using the following phrases:
go out to the station, go out to the board, go out on the road, go out in first place, go ahead, go out to the siena, go out into the clearing, run out into the doorway, come up to the middle of the river.
Task 11. Read the dialogs, determine the meaning of the verbs of movement with the prefix YO-.
Tell me, can I speak with the dean.
- Pecan? He went out. Sit a bit.
Please ask Galina Nikolaevna.
She came out, call in an hour,
Sorry, where can I find the chief engineer?
Engineer Lazarev? He is here, but he went out somewhere.
Task 12. Explain the difference in the use of the prefixes YO- and Y- with the verbs of motion in the following situations.
1.- Can I see the head of the department?
The working day is over. She is gone. -- Please wait. She went out.
2.- Hello! May I Ivan Ivanovich?
He went to dinner. Call later. - Ivan Ivanovich came out. What shall I tell to him?
3.-And where is Katya?
She feels bad, went home. - She went out, she’s coming back now.
Task 13. Make dialogs in the following situations using the verbs of movement with the prefixes YO- and U-.
1. On the phone they ask your sister. She
a / went for bread and will return soon
b / I went to college and will not be soon.
2. The visitor wants to see your colleague. What will you answer him? if it
a) went to the ministry
b) went to another room.
3. There is a knock at your dormitory door. Ask your roommate / roommate. What will you answer if she / he /
a) in the classroom
b) went to the kitchen.
Task 14. Replace the highlighted phrases in the following sentences with the verbs of motion with the prefixes YO- and B-.
1. I opened the door of the house and ended up in a small hallway.
2. The guys ran with the ball in the yard, and now they are already playing on the street.
3. We share niches in the field and suddenly saw a river in front of us.
4. We left the hall and ended up in a spacious hall.
5. I went through the gate and ended up in the green hall of the stadium.
6. Where did he go? I decided to breathe fresh air.
7. The speaker went up to the podium
8. The artists were already on stage when distinguished guests appeared in the main box.
Prefixes at ~, y-
At- achievement of the ultimate goal of movement, arrival of the subject or delivery of the object to a certain place / synonymously - he is here, he arrived /
At - absence of the subject or object in the named place or removal from this place / synonymous - he is not here, he is now in another place. /
Task 1. Read the sentences, pay attention to the adverbial distributors of verbs.
1. Is father at home? - Yes, he has already come from work. 2. The train arrived in Kiev in the evening. 3. We have guests. We have a brother from Yerevan. 4. Tomorrow in Moscow opens the football championship. Football players from France arrived yesterday, Italians arrive today. 5. Father came from a business trip andbrought everyone a bunch of gifts. 6. Are you coming to college today? Bring me, please, my book that I gave you.
1. More than two years have passed since I left Kiev. 2. The concert is over. The artists are gone. Gone and Dina. She was still the same thin and black. 3. There is no scrap in the brother, he went to work, Unfortunately, he took with him the book that the scam talked about. 4. The bird was very careful, she noticed movement in the bushes and flew away. 5. Tomorrow I am leaving for Vladivostok.
Task 2. Use the verbs of motion with the prefix PRI-, watch the use of the type of verbs.
Sample: - Yesterday, in my opinion, did you have the Russian Language Abroad magazine with you?
Yes, I brought it, I wanted to show one article
1. - In the summer in Moscow there are many tourists. - ... 2. - It seems that Andrey Dust was with you yesterday? - ... 3. The director was at the school yesterday for a short time. - ... 4. We are often invited to our school to perform various interesting people: writers, artists, scientists. - ...? 5. Already half past nine. Probably all the students have already gathered in the audience. - 6. Our friends, it seems, have already returned from a trip to Central Asia. - ... They probably, as always, have interesting photographs, books, postcards. - ... 7. Where did these magazines come from? Has anyone been here while I was away? - ...? 8. Are your parents already probably coming back from vacation soon? Airplane next week? - ....
Note: note that the verbs ST in the past tense indicate that the subject of the movement arrived / or the object was delivered / and is in a specific place or with the specified person; NSV verbs can:
- to state the fact of being somewhere in the past,
- convey a repeating action
- indicate the annulment of the result of the action,
- convey real action.
! The verbs of the NSW with the prefix PRIN cannot transmit movement in its process.
Pay attention to the use of species and the change in the meaning of a statement depending on the type of verb with the prefix Y-: When I left, I remembered that I forgot to call him \u003d I did not calland When I left, I remembered that I forgot to call him \u003d I called
Task 3. Read the text. Insert the appropriate motion verbs with the prefix PRI-, watch the use of types of verbs.
We have been living here for a long time. And you, probably, recently ... here?
Yes, recently. I also live here now. And before ... here only for the holidays.
When they got home, Maria Mikhailovna said-
Visit us tomorrow, see my son’s collection of stones. He was a geologist. Are you also going to become a geologist?
Yes, someday I will, ”the boy replied seriously.
All the next day, Maria Mikhailovna thought about her son: how he went to the mountains, how ... stones were home, and how she was unhappy with the mess in the house. That day the boy ... at exactly six o'clock. Maria Mikhailovna ... his son’s room. The stones lay as their son had left.
Do you want me to be ... stones that are not in your collection?
That would be nice. - approved Maria Mikhailovna.
The next day, he ... a piece of green malachite.
Why don't you become the keeper of our collection. Everything will be at your disposal, you can ... whenever you want, and I will be pleased that there is a geologist in the house.
Well, ”he said, but he squeezed into something else. He’s already used to ... here .
I’m ... one thing for you, ”he once said, and handed Maria Mikhailovna a large sink.
Really extraordinary!
She is from the Caribbean. Not ... one sailor. Now you will have it.
/ According to V. Lidin /
Prefix software
Task 4. Read the sentences, compare the use of verbs of motion with prefixes, explain the meaning of prefixes.
1. Victor will be back now: he went to the dean’s office to find out his new schedule. - Victor felt bad and went home. 2. Brother is not at home, he went to the theater. - My brother is not at home, he went to the theater. 3. after graduation, he went to work in the North. - After graduation, he went to his North.
Note: in the above examples, verbs with prefixes PO- and Y- are close in meaning. However, the prefix Y- is used to indicate the removal of a subject at a great distance, for a long time, to the absence of the subject in this place. The prefix Paul- indicates only the departure of the subject indicating the purpose.
Task 5. Build statements in the following situations / make possible dialogs / using verbs with the prefix PO- or U-.
1. You did not find your friend at home. You were told that he was apparently in the library, since he had recently gone there. 2. Friends graduated from a pedagogical institute. They were given directions to work in different cities. 3. Your friends have arrived. They are the first in our city. You decided to show them the city and even some of the attractions, since you have a car. 4. You say goodbye to a city that you really liked. As a souvenir, you took photographs, postcards, books with you. 5. You have guests. A lot of strangers. Your little son was taken aback and hid in his nursery. 6. You agreed to meet a friend by the metro. But you were late, and the friend did not wait for you. 7. The postman brought a letter to your neighbor, but the neighbor was on a business trip in another city.
Task 6. Answer the questions using the verbs of movement with the prefixes PO-, U-, YO-, monitor the use of the type of verb.
1. Why is Masha not in the lesson? / her head ached. 2. Where did Sergey go? / he needs to take books in the library. 3. I called you during the day, but you were not at home. Where have you been? / was absent for only 20 minutes, went out to buy bread for dinner /. 4. It's time to sit down at the table. Where is Victor? / talking on the phone, will be back now. 5. You do not know where the director is now? / he is at a meeting in the ministry. 6. Where did the students go? today excursion to the museum of L. Tolstoy.
Task 7. Instead of dots, insert the appropriate verb of movement with the prefix, monitor the use of types of the verb.
come in - come in
bring - bring
1. Sister, ... please, patient history. 2. carefully ... things in the office: the floor is already painted. 3. ... suitcases into the room, they are at the door in the hallway.
lead - enter
1. Mother ... son in kindergarten. 2. Who are you ... with you? 3. In the operating room ... of the patient. 4. I am to you ... my old friend, get acquainted.
Task 8. Put the necessary verbs of movement with the prefixes B-, YO-, PO-, Y- or PRI-. Indicate where options may be.
1. Have you been on the street today? - No, I am today ... 2. On Saturday ... guests and not for a long time .... I went to bed late. 3. I ... from home at 8 o’clock, and at 9 ... to the pulpit. 4. The comrade was not at home, he ... to the pulpit. 5. Seryozha will be back now, he ... to call. 6. I do not ... until I wait for the director. 7. Tomorrow in Madrid, international competitions begin. Today our team ... to Madrid. 8. The meeting began, to the podium ... speaker. 9. The film was boring, we ... from the middle. 10. To be in time for classes I need ... from home at 8 o’clock. 11. Our car raced along the road. A friend on the road ... a hare. 12. The girl ... in the middle of the room and began to read poetry. 13. In the summer, we usually ... to the village, which is located near Moscow. We ... from Moscow in the morning, and by evening already ... to our place. 14. The pilot ... from the cockpit and jumped to the ground.
Consoles POD-, FROM-
Compare:
I took the child to my grandmother.
I brought him to my grandmother.
I took him to my grandmother.
- Come to visit me. I am free today because I took the child to my grandmother.
- “Are you back in our city?” Good to see you. - Yes, I brought the child to my grandmother and will stay here for several days.
- I took my son to my grandmother, because the repair began in our apartment.
Task 9. Read the sentences, explain the use of types of verbs.
1. I went to the kiosk and bought ice cream. 2. The ship is sailing closer to the shore, those who are already meeting have gathered on the pier and are looking forward to it. 3. Who was this right for you now? - Yes, one friend. 4. Attention, train number 21 comes to the first track. 5. Give us a lift to the station! - Sit down, give a ride.
1. I took a ticket and left the ticket office. 2. The current carries the boat farther from the coast. 3. The bus departed from the stop. 4. I want to take the clothes to dry cleaning. 5. In the morning I take my daughter to the garden. 6. Stand back, please, to the side you interfere!
Task 10. Insert relevant verbs with the prefixes POD-, OT-, U-.
1. The teacher ... to the map and showed the main rivers of Europe. 2. In order not to interfere with the students to write off the board, the teacher ... to the window. 3. Every evening after dinner, I ... to the window, open it and breathe fresh air. 4. Afraid to wake a sick child, mother and father ... to the door and talked in a whisper. 5. I was interrupted by the conversations of my comrades, and I was reading a book ... into another room. 6. The boy learned to swim well and already ... 20 meters from the shore. 7. The dog waved its tail and ... to me. 8. Yesterday our guests ... and the apartment became quiet.
Task 11. Make proposals based on the following situations:
1. How do you say that your friends come back if you see them from the window of your house? How do you say that they are close?
2. You see that some car stopped near the house. How do you ask who arrived?
3. You came to visit a friend, voices are heard from his room. How do you ask who is there?
4. You are reading, and your friend has stood at the window and is blocking your light. What do you ask him about?
5. The guys are playing under your windows and are very noisy, disturbing you. What do you tell them?
6. You want to give your child candy. He stands a few steps from you. What do you tell him?
Task 12. answer the questions using this information, using the prefixes POD-, OT-, U-, PRI-,
1. I want to buy newspapers, in front of the kiosk. What will I do?
2. I walk along the corridor of the institute. A large bookcase is being brought towards me. What I've done?
3. I know that a friend is sick, she’s bored of being alone. What do I usually do? What will I do today?
4. I have completed a training course at an institute in Moscow, it's time to go home. What am I doing?
5. Going to the city is still far away. What am I asking the driver of a stopped car7
Task 13. Read the sentences. Please note that the past tense verbs in the past tense can mean:
In this meaning are often used in colloquial speech.
1. The young man who has now approached the checkout, your brother? Was your brother coming to you now? You are very similar.
2. Is everyone here? And where is Katya? - She walked away for a minute. Will come now. - Katya, where have you been? - I went to call (in the case).
3. look, some girl came up to Sasha! - Sasha, why did that girl come up to you?
4. Tell me, did the gray car not fit here? - Approached, stood for 10 minutes and left.
Task 14. Ask questions about the following sample:
Why did you go to the policeman?
I approached him to ask how to get to the Puppet Theater.
1. Why did you go to the tobacco kiosk?
2. Why did the student approach the lecturer?
3. Why does the girl go to the poster?
4. Why did these women come up to the storefront?
5. Why did you go to the window7
6. Why did the policeman approach your car?
Task 15. Read the sentences, remember what the prefixes PRI- and POD- mean?
1. Yesterday to me had come comrade. is he has comeat 7 o’clock, and we watched football all evening. 2. In the hallway to me came up a student from my (our) group and asked where we will have the next lesson. 3. Whenever he came to us, we argued a lot and for a long time. four. Wherever I am saw bookstores i always approached and began to rummage through books. 5. Train fits to Moscow - we heard the voice of the announcer. 6. Happy has come doctor. is he came up to the patient’s bed and began to examine him. 7. Mother first time brought children in the garden. - Come up to me, - said the teacher. - What is your name? 8. Do not get close to the window, here it blows.
Task 16. Answer the questions using the verbs GO or GO.
1. You are in the lobby of the subway. You do not know how to get to the Park Kultury station. What will you do when you see a diagram on the subway wall? 2. The policeman saw that a man was crossing the street at a red light. How did he react? 3. Upon learning that your friends have moved to a new apartment, you decide to visit them. How do you tell them about this over the phone? 4. You are in the theater. During the intermission, you saw a friend in the lobby. Have you exchanged impressions with her? 5. In the museum you admired the picture, but at a distance you could not read the name or the name of the artist. What have you done? 6. Your friend promised that he would come to you the other day. How do you specify the time of the meeting? 7. The performance begins at 16:30. when do you have to be in the theater to get to the buffet? 8. You walked around the city for a long time and finally saw the Ice Cream kiosk. What have you done?
Task 17. Read the expressions, note that transitive verbs with the prefix OT- can be used in the meaning – 1. deliver to the place / to the target /, 2. return and suggest separation of the object from the subject of movement. In this sense, they are antonymic to verbs with the prefix PRI-.
1. Where is your daughter now? - Her not, I took her to the kindergarten. 2. Where is your son now? “He is already at home, the husband just brought him out of the circle.” 3. Can you give me the article you read yesterday? - unfortunately, I already took it to the library .. 4. Have you already received your luggage? - Yes, we brought him from the station yesterday. 5. What did you do in the morning? - I took the watch to repair. 6. Do you have a new textbook? - Yes, I brought it.
Task 19. Answer the question using the verbs of movement with the prefix OT-.
What is needed if ...
Task 19. Read the sentences, explain the difference in the meaning of the verbs of motion with the prefix OT- and Y-, OT- and PRI-.
Task 20. Insert the necessary verbs of motion with the prefixes OT-, Y- or PRI-. Explain cases where options are possible.
1. Do you want to make your dress shorter? ... him in the studio. 2. Be kind ... from here your things, they interfere with us. 3. The father asked his son ... dirty dishes in the kitchen and ... clean plates. 4. And where is your dog? - We ... her to friends for a while. 5. Nadia, ... a dog in the kitchen, the children are afraid of her. 6. Where did you get this vase from? “Her husband ... her from China.” 7. Who ... from your parents to the village? 8. Who met you when ... your parents are in the village? 9. To the store ... fresh bread. 10. There are a lot of extra chairs, ... them, please, in another office. 11. Nina, ... please, a new employee to the director. The director asked him ...
Task 21. Read the story, insert verbs of movement with prefixes.
Yesterday we had dinner at a restaurant. We took a table by the window and began to look around. After 10 minutes ... the waiter and ... the menu. We decided to order snacks and hot, and we will order dessert later. But the waiter did not leave us a menu, but ... bring it with you. Igor said: You wait, but I for a minute .... I want ... my briefcase in the wardrobe, otherwise it bothers me. When he ..., to our table ... some girl asked if this place was free. We replied that the place was taken, that our friend ... for a short time and now will be back. She apologized and ... to look for an empty seat. Soon ... Igor and ... with his friend, he met him at the entrance and invited him to dinner with us. Now we needed another chair, but there are no empty seats anywhere! Finally, the waiter agreed to bring a chair from the hall, and we promised that later on ourselves ... it would be replaced. And here we go ... salad, fresh vegetables, cold appetizers and bread. Then the waiter ... empty dishes and plates and ... hot. Everything was delicious. We ate so much that we didn’t even know if we could eat dessert too. But our waiter ... a whole table on wheels with different cakes and pastries. Of course, we could not refuse. But here is the waiter ... the bill. Well, not so expensive. We still have money left for a taxi. It's late, let the taxi ... take us home, or at least on the subway.
Prefix DO-
